4 ATP - OoCities
... - first carrier NADH reductase is reduced by a pair of electrons from NADH2 - NADH2 itself oxidized to NAD+ - NADH reductase is oxidized and passes 2 electrons to coenzyme Q which is reduced - each carrier in turn becomes reduced and then oxidized - energy released as electrons move down the ETS is ...
... - first carrier NADH reductase is reduced by a pair of electrons from NADH2 - NADH2 itself oxidized to NAD+ - NADH reductase is oxidized and passes 2 electrons to coenzyme Q which is reduced - each carrier in turn becomes reduced and then oxidized - energy released as electrons move down the ETS is ...
Cellular Respiration
... electrons to NAD+ which produces NADH When the cell has turned all of the NAD+ molecules into NADH there are no more electron receptors and ...
... electrons to NAD+ which produces NADH When the cell has turned all of the NAD+ molecules into NADH there are no more electron receptors and ...
Study Outline
... 22. The final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include NO3−, SO42−, and CO32−. 23. The total ATP yield is less than in aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation (pp. 130–133) 24. Fermentation releases energy from sugars or ot ...
... 22. The final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include NO3−, SO42−, and CO32−. 23. The total ATP yield is less than in aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions. Fermentation (pp. 130–133) 24. Fermentation releases energy from sugars or ot ...
Midterm Exam Note: Before beginning, please scan the entire exam
... D) digestion E) catabolism 55) During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a DG of -4 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what change would you predict in the DG? A) It would be -2 kcal/mol. B) It would be -8 kcal/mol. C) It would rema ...
... D) digestion E) catabolism 55) During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a DG of -4 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what change would you predict in the DG? A) It would be -2 kcal/mol. B) It would be -8 kcal/mol. C) It would rema ...
WHY DO CARDIOMYOCYTES (HEART MUSCLE CELLS) STORE
... All other cells need pyruvate to top up the mitochondrial oxaloacetate, which keeps the "Citric Acid Cycle" running. If there is no glucose-‐derived pyruvate, mitochondrial metabolism will soon come to a ...
... All other cells need pyruvate to top up the mitochondrial oxaloacetate, which keeps the "Citric Acid Cycle" running. If there is no glucose-‐derived pyruvate, mitochondrial metabolism will soon come to a ...
electron transport chain
... DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
Cellular Respiration:
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The CAC reduces these molecules in the mitochondrial matrix, so they are right where they need to be. The electrons are transferred to ultra-complex, membraneembedded proteins that contain iron components to facilitate the transfer of electrons. Chief among these molecu ...
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The CAC reduces these molecules in the mitochondrial matrix, so they are right where they need to be. The electrons are transferred to ultra-complex, membraneembedded proteins that contain iron components to facilitate the transfer of electrons. Chief among these molecu ...
Skill Builder _3a Cellular Respiration 10 Feb 2014
... Whichever way it occurs, it always begins with a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis converts 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid aka pyruvate. The end products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 4 ATP’s, and 2 NADH2 . Anaerobic respiration (aka fermentation) ...
... Whichever way it occurs, it always begins with a process called glycolysis. Glycolysis converts 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid aka pyruvate. The end products of glycolysis are 2 pyruvic acid molecules, 4 ATP’s, and 2 NADH2 . Anaerobic respiration (aka fermentation) ...
Unit 4 (Bioenergetics - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration)
... Electron carriers. Take electrons from glucose to the electron transport chain. 15. Which stage finishes breaking down sugar all the way to CO2? Kreb’s cycle 16. Which process occurs in ALL organisms (prokaryotic/eukaryotic, aerobic/anaerobic)? Glycolysis because it happens in the cytoplasm 17. All ...
... Electron carriers. Take electrons from glucose to the electron transport chain. 15. Which stage finishes breaking down sugar all the way to CO2? Kreb’s cycle 16. Which process occurs in ALL organisms (prokaryotic/eukaryotic, aerobic/anaerobic)? Glycolysis because it happens in the cytoplasm 17. All ...
1. Why is cellular respiration called an aerobic process? 2. What
... ______ Energy released during the breakdown of cells is used to synthesize ATP. ______ The energy released from the breakdown of glucose can be used to recharge ATP. ______ When you exhale, carbon dioxide is a released. ______ When glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, a product is lig ...
... ______ Energy released during the breakdown of cells is used to synthesize ATP. ______ The energy released from the breakdown of glucose can be used to recharge ATP. ______ When you exhale, carbon dioxide is a released. ______ When glucose is broken down during cellular respiration, a product is lig ...
Amino acids catabolism
... The conversion of serine to glycine involves one-C unit from serine to an acceptor This is catalyzed by serine hydroxymethylase, with pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme The acceptor is tetrahydropholate (derivative of folic acid) – its structure has 3 parts: a subtituted pteridine ring, p-aminobenzoic ...
... The conversion of serine to glycine involves one-C unit from serine to an acceptor This is catalyzed by serine hydroxymethylase, with pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme The acceptor is tetrahydropholate (derivative of folic acid) – its structure has 3 parts: a subtituted pteridine ring, p-aminobenzoic ...
Lecture Presentation to accompany Principles of Life
... Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
... Lipids break down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids can be converted to acetyl CoA. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. ...
Ch14
... 6. Pulse-Chase experiments have been crucial in figuring out metabolic pathways. This takes advantage of using radioactive molecules in which only one or particular atoms have been made radioactive and it is rather easy to measure these as they become transformed by metabolism. The beauty of it is t ...
... 6. Pulse-Chase experiments have been crucial in figuring out metabolic pathways. This takes advantage of using radioactive molecules in which only one or particular atoms have been made radioactive and it is rather easy to measure these as they become transformed by metabolism. The beauty of it is t ...
Week 5 - UW Canvas
... d. is produced during the Krebs cycle. 5. The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O… a. is exergonic. b. takes place entirely in the mitochondria. c. requires the electron transport chain. d. generates a pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. e. only occurs in eukaryotes. 6 ...
... d. is produced during the Krebs cycle. 5. The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O… a. is exergonic. b. takes place entirely in the mitochondria. c. requires the electron transport chain. d. generates a pH gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. e. only occurs in eukaryotes. 6 ...
Metabolism
... oxygen is used during fermentation and it does not involve an electron transport chain like as respiration does. If an organism can ferment a specific reactant, such as lactose, (because they have the correct enzymes), characteristic end-products or by-products can often be detected. a. What are fou ...
... oxygen is used during fermentation and it does not involve an electron transport chain like as respiration does. If an organism can ferment a specific reactant, such as lactose, (because they have the correct enzymes), characteristic end-products or by-products can often be detected. a. What are fou ...
oxidative phosphorylation
... 1- It contains complexes - I, II, III, IV, V. which carry out oxidative phosphorylation which in turn generates ATP. These complexes I, II, III, IV form the respiratory chain. 2- It contains also complex - V (the ATP –synthetase) which carries out ATP – synthesis . 3- The inner membrane folds to for ...
... 1- It contains complexes - I, II, III, IV, V. which carry out oxidative phosphorylation which in turn generates ATP. These complexes I, II, III, IV form the respiratory chain. 2- It contains also complex - V (the ATP –synthetase) which carries out ATP – synthesis . 3- The inner membrane folds to for ...
On the Origin of Language
... • Precursor-product pairs in biosynthesis • Dashed boxes are hypothetical intermediate stages • Italicised codons do not match coevolution predictions ...
... • Precursor-product pairs in biosynthesis • Dashed boxes are hypothetical intermediate stages • Italicised codons do not match coevolution predictions ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis Alternate Endpoints
... Anabolic processes – Glycogenesis – Gluconeogenesis ...
... Anabolic processes – Glycogenesis – Gluconeogenesis ...
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
... mitochondria. The membranes contain a series of proteins, which are involved in the electron transport chain. Electrons are supplied in the form of reduced NAD and reduced FAD, which pass from the Krebs cycle in the matrix to the cristae. Electrons are passed from one protein to the next in a series ...
... mitochondria. The membranes contain a series of proteins, which are involved in the electron transport chain. Electrons are supplied in the form of reduced NAD and reduced FAD, which pass from the Krebs cycle in the matrix to the cristae. Electrons are passed from one protein to the next in a series ...
221_exam_2_2004
... (1) Bacteriochlorophylls can be found with very diverse absorbance spectra. What advantage does this provide for the phototroph? ...
... (1) Bacteriochlorophylls can be found with very diverse absorbance spectra. What advantage does this provide for the phototroph? ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.