Polypeptides, Nucleic Acid Molecules, and Methods
... of squalene. Evidence for a tertiary cyclopropylcarbinyl cationic intermediate in the rearrangement of presqualene diphosphate to squalene. J Amer Chem Soc 118: 13089-13090. Lin F-Y, et a1. (2010) Mechanism of action and inhibition of ...
... of squalene. Evidence for a tertiary cyclopropylcarbinyl cationic intermediate in the rearrangement of presqualene diphosphate to squalene. J Amer Chem Soc 118: 13089-13090. Lin F-Y, et a1. (2010) Mechanism of action and inhibition of ...
Nonenzymatic glycolysis and pentose phosphate
... Figure 1. Non-enzymatic sugar phosphate interconversions in a plausible Archean ocean environment reproduce reactions from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A Spontaneous reactivity of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway sugar phosphate intermediates as observed in water. One ...
... Figure 1. Non-enzymatic sugar phosphate interconversions in a plausible Archean ocean environment reproduce reactions from glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). A Spontaneous reactivity of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway sugar phosphate intermediates as observed in water. One ...
The intertwined metabolism of Medicago truncatula and its nitrogen
... uncompartmentalised network were still producible in the compartmentalised network in at least one compart- ...
... uncompartmentalised network were still producible in the compartmentalised network in at least one compart- ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... the same set of 20 amino acids2, so called because each contains an amino group attached to a carboxylic acid. (For more information about amino groups, see Chapter 15 "Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives", Section 15.1 "Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivativ ...
... the same set of 20 amino acids2, so called because each contains an amino group attached to a carboxylic acid. (For more information about amino groups, see Chapter 15 "Organic Acids and Bases and Some of Their Derivatives", Section 15.1 "Functional Groups of the Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivativ ...
Transamination Governs Nitrogen Isotope Heterogeneity of Amino
... out at the Leibniz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie, Dummerstorf, Germany, following the method of Metges and Petzke.21 In brief, samples of 2.5−3.5 mg of muscle lyophilizate were double-washed with 10% trichloroacetic acid, acetone, and ether. Washed samples were hydrolyzed for 24 h with 2 mL of 6 N ...
... out at the Leibniz-Institut für Nutztierbiologie, Dummerstorf, Germany, following the method of Metges and Petzke.21 In brief, samples of 2.5−3.5 mg of muscle lyophilizate were double-washed with 10% trichloroacetic acid, acetone, and ether. Washed samples were hydrolyzed for 24 h with 2 mL of 6 N ...
Biology - Kenyon College
... For two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D gels), growth media contained LBK broth (10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 7.45 g of KCl) or M63 salts [3 g of KH2PO4, 7 g of K2HPO4, 2 g of (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 ml of FeSO4 at 1 mg/ml, 2 ml of 0.5 M MgSO2, 100 mg of ...
... For two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D gels), growth media contained LBK broth (10 g of tryptone, 5 g of yeast extract, 7.45 g of KCl) or M63 salts [3 g of KH2PO4, 7 g of K2HPO4, 2 g of (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 ml of FeSO4 at 1 mg/ml, 2 ml of 0.5 M MgSO2, 100 mg of ...
Early days of tRNA research: Discovery, function, purification and
... Research on tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases can be traced back to the mid-fifties when Mahlon Hoagland in Paul Zamecnik’s group (figure 1) working on the development of a cell free protein synthesis system from rat liver discovered an enzyme in the pH 5-insoluble fraction (pH 5 enzyme) which activ ...
... Research on tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases can be traced back to the mid-fifties when Mahlon Hoagland in Paul Zamecnik’s group (figure 1) working on the development of a cell free protein synthesis system from rat liver discovered an enzyme in the pH 5-insoluble fraction (pH 5 enzyme) which activ ...
Ovid: Parenteral administration of different amounts of branch
... Altered protein metabolism during injury has been well documented [1-3]. It has been suggested that total parenteral nutrition decreases high muscle protein breakdown and improves impaired body protein synthesis during sepsis [4-6]. The properties of the branch-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, is ...
... Altered protein metabolism during injury has been well documented [1-3]. It has been suggested that total parenteral nutrition decreases high muscle protein breakdown and improves impaired body protein synthesis during sepsis [4-6]. The properties of the branch-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, is ...
Vitamin - definition
... FMN a FAD function FMN and FAD act as prosthetic groups of many oxidoreduction enzymes, flavoprotein: • oxydase of a-amino acids – degradation of amino acids • xantinoxidase – degradation of purines • aldehyde dehydrogenas • mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase – transport of reducing u ...
... FMN a FAD function FMN and FAD act as prosthetic groups of many oxidoreduction enzymes, flavoprotein: • oxydase of a-amino acids – degradation of amino acids • xantinoxidase – degradation of purines • aldehyde dehydrogenas • mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase – transport of reducing u ...
Acetic acid - Colorado State University
... employing vacuum ultraviolet 共VUV兲, 10.5 eV single photon ionization of supersonically expanded and cooled acetic acid samples, is presented and discussed. Molecular and cluster species are identified by time of flight mass spectroscopy: the major mass features observed are AnH+ 共n = 1 – 9兲, ACOOH+ ...
... employing vacuum ultraviolet 共VUV兲, 10.5 eV single photon ionization of supersonically expanded and cooled acetic acid samples, is presented and discussed. Molecular and cluster species are identified by time of flight mass spectroscopy: the major mass features observed are AnH+ 共n = 1 – 9兲, ACOOH+ ...
7. Making and storing fat and retrieving it to supply energy
... acetylCoA. Fatty acids are made from acetyl-CoA, and they are assembled into triglycerides (i.e., fat) in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Phase 2. Fat breakdown: Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are bound to the protein albumin when they are transported in the b ...
... acetylCoA. Fatty acids are made from acetyl-CoA, and they are assembled into triglycerides (i.e., fat) in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Phase 2. Fat breakdown: Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are bound to the protein albumin when they are transported in the b ...
Document
... Pregnancy and lactation: 2.0 mg/day The riboflavin has two coenzyme forms they are flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Some enzymes have FMN and FAD as their integral part. Such enzymes are called flavoproteins Dr S Nayak ...
... Pregnancy and lactation: 2.0 mg/day The riboflavin has two coenzyme forms they are flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Some enzymes have FMN and FAD as their integral part. Such enzymes are called flavoproteins Dr S Nayak ...
Pineapple Juice and Its Fractions in Enzymatic Browning Inhibition
... determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the methods of Wen and Wrolstad (23). For L-ascorbic acid and organic acids analyses, columns ODS-2 and ODS-1 (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size; Alltech Associates Inc.) were connected in series to a Dynamax model SD-300 pump ...
... determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using the methods of Wen and Wrolstad (23). For L-ascorbic acid and organic acids analyses, columns ODS-2 and ODS-1 (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size; Alltech Associates Inc.) were connected in series to a Dynamax model SD-300 pump ...
The Nitrogen Cycle
... Like water and carbon, nitrogen is also repeatedly recycled through the biosphere. This process is called the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is one of the most common elements in living organisms. It is important for creating both proteins and nucleic acids, like DNA. The air that we breathe is mostly nit ...
... Like water and carbon, nitrogen is also repeatedly recycled through the biosphere. This process is called the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is one of the most common elements in living organisms. It is important for creating both proteins and nucleic acids, like DNA. The air that we breathe is mostly nit ...
Postexercise recovery of skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA, acetyl
... with changes observed in the red region of the quadriceps. In addition, the change in RER in the red quadriceps is likely to be much larger than the change in whole body RER, the latter being diluted by absence of change in nonexercising muscle fibers and other tissues. Malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT ...
... with changes observed in the red region of the quadriceps. In addition, the change in RER in the red quadriceps is likely to be much larger than the change in whole body RER, the latter being diluted by absence of change in nonexercising muscle fibers and other tissues. Malonyl-CoA inhibition of CPT ...
for growth. fermentation end products and genes required growth of
... divergent regulatory pathways. tion), some facultative organisms such as E. coli can grow anaerobically by fermenting sugars. In fermentation, NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by electron transport systems. Instead, NAD1 is generated with endogenous electron acceptors produced durin ...
... divergent regulatory pathways. tion), some facultative organisms such as E. coli can grow anaerobically by fermenting sugars. In fermentation, NADH generated by glycolysis cannot be reoxidized by electron transport systems. Instead, NAD1 is generated with endogenous electron acceptors produced durin ...
02 Cholesterol Metabolism2012-03-18 01:50617 KB
... transcription is suppressed and vice versa • Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) is a recognition sequence in the DNA • SREBP (SRE binding protein) binding to SRE is essential for transcription of this gene • SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is an intracellular cholesterol sensor ...
... transcription is suppressed and vice versa • Sterol Regulatory Element (SRE) is a recognition sequence in the DNA • SREBP (SRE binding protein) binding to SRE is essential for transcription of this gene • SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is an intracellular cholesterol sensor ...
Variability of Wax Ester Fermentation in Natural and Bleached
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
... metabolism in Euglena differs from that in Chlamydomonas in that it employs some enzymes shared with hydrogenosomes, but generates very different end products. Several Euglena species can grow at very low oxygen concentrations (Buetow 1989a): Euglena gracilis can survive up to 6 mo of hypoxia when g ...
Ch31-Gluconeogenesis and Maintenance of Blood Glucose Levels
... -Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl CoA. Because the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is thermodynamically and kinetically irreversible, acetyl CoA does not form pyruvate for gluconeogenesis. Therefore, if acetyl CoA is to produce glucose, it must enter the TCA cycle and be converted to malate ...
... -Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl CoA. Because the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is thermodynamically and kinetically irreversible, acetyl CoA does not form pyruvate for gluconeogenesis. Therefore, if acetyl CoA is to produce glucose, it must enter the TCA cycle and be converted to malate ...
Unraveling Biochemical Pathways Affected by Mitochondrial
... aminotransferase (BCAT) isoenzyme [39] and (2) branched α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD). Two BCAT isoforms resulting from the expression of two different genes comprise the mitochondrial and cytosolic pools [39]. However, the mitochondrial enzyme seems to be predominant as a cytoplasmic activity an ...
... aminotransferase (BCAT) isoenzyme [39] and (2) branched α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD). Two BCAT isoforms resulting from the expression of two different genes comprise the mitochondrial and cytosolic pools [39]. However, the mitochondrial enzyme seems to be predominant as a cytoplasmic activity an ...
11. Archaea and Bacteria
... unsaturated CDP-archaeol with phytanyl or geranylgeranyl chains. An enzyme that reduces double bonds of geranylgeranyl chains bound in phospholipids is found in Archaea [7]. Because the substrate specificity of the enzyme is not so tight, the exact point of reduction (saturation) of unsaturated isop ...
... unsaturated CDP-archaeol with phytanyl or geranylgeranyl chains. An enzyme that reduces double bonds of geranylgeranyl chains bound in phospholipids is found in Archaea [7]. Because the substrate specificity of the enzyme is not so tight, the exact point of reduction (saturation) of unsaturated isop ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.