File
... Transport Chain • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an ...
... Transport Chain • In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an ...
The Synthesis of Proteins
... consisting of three bases that selects specific amino acids and “escorts” them to the growing protein chain so that they join at just the proper position. ...
... consisting of three bases that selects specific amino acids and “escorts” them to the growing protein chain so that they join at just the proper position. ...
Document
... and Euglena: the a-aminoadipic acid pathway. Reactions 1 through 4 are reminiscent of the first four reactions in the citric acid cycle, except that the product a-ketoadipate has an additional CH2 unit. Reaction 5 is catalyzed by a glutamate-dependent aminotransferase; reaction 6 is the adenylylat ...
... and Euglena: the a-aminoadipic acid pathway. Reactions 1 through 4 are reminiscent of the first four reactions in the citric acid cycle, except that the product a-ketoadipate has an additional CH2 unit. Reaction 5 is catalyzed by a glutamate-dependent aminotransferase; reaction 6 is the adenylylat ...
AMINO ACIDS METABOLISM ** Dr. Mohammed Abdullateef **
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
... The toxicity is due to the reason that increased concentration of ammonia in the blood and other biological fluids → ammonia difuses into cells, across blood/brain barrier → increased synthesis of glutamate from a-ketoglutarate by glutamate dehydrogenase, increased synthesis of glutamine. Alpha keto ...
BIO 322_Rec_4part2_Spring 2013
... • Amino groups from many AA are collected in the liver in the form of amino group of L glutamate. • Amino groups from glutamate must be removed to prepare them for excretion. • In hepatocytes: Glutamate to mitochondria – oxidative deamination by glutamate dehdyrogenase. ...
... • Amino groups from many AA are collected in the liver in the form of amino group of L glutamate. • Amino groups from glutamate must be removed to prepare them for excretion. • In hepatocytes: Glutamate to mitochondria – oxidative deamination by glutamate dehdyrogenase. ...
AP Biology PDQ`s
... 11. Why food molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules for energy to be harvested from them. 12. The molecule that is oxidized and the molecule that is reduced in any REDOX reaction. 13. The starting materials, end products and eventual fates of all of the molecules used and produced ...
... 11. Why food molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules for energy to be harvested from them. 12. The molecule that is oxidized and the molecule that is reduced in any REDOX reaction. 13. The starting materials, end products and eventual fates of all of the molecules used and produced ...
HCC Learning Web
... Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. ...
... Chemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration • The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. – CO2 is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves. – H2O is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots. ...
Organic chemistry and Biological chemistry for Health Sciences
... these processes, the net density increases and so VLDL particle change to IDL. With continued loss of low-density triacylglycerol, the IDL change to LDL. The liver reabsorbs some LDL, but the main purpose of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to extrahepatic tissue to be used to make cell membrane and in ...
... these processes, the net density increases and so VLDL particle change to IDL. With continued loss of low-density triacylglycerol, the IDL change to LDL. The liver reabsorbs some LDL, but the main purpose of LDL is to deliver cholesterol to extrahepatic tissue to be used to make cell membrane and in ...
Score: ______/18 Biology – Exploring Life - Ms. Faulkner
... Online Activity 5.4 – Build amino acid chains 10) What process is used to build amino acid chains? _____________________________________________________ 11) Each 3 letter abbreviation represents a different amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids that join in different ways to make all of the ...
... Online Activity 5.4 – Build amino acid chains 10) What process is used to build amino acid chains? _____________________________________________________ 11) Each 3 letter abbreviation represents a different amino acid. There are 20 different amino acids that join in different ways to make all of the ...
U4L24 Carbo Disposal
... • No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat metabolism ...
... • No pathways in humans to make acetate into ‘gluconeogenic’ precursors – Can’t make glucose from acetyl-CoA – No way of going back once the PDH reaction has happened – Key watershed between carbohydrate and fat metabolism ...
Dr. V. Main Powerpoint
... • The electron transport chain is in the cristae of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chai ...
... • The electron transport chain is in the cristae of the mitochondrion • Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes • The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons • Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chai ...
Biology 12
... •composed of C, H, O and N (nitrogen is a necessary element for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins) •a single protein may be formed from 100’s of amino acid monomers •two amino acids make a dipeptide •more make up a polypeptide ...
... •composed of C, H, O and N (nitrogen is a necessary element for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins) •a single protein may be formed from 100’s of amino acid monomers •two amino acids make a dipeptide •more make up a polypeptide ...
Biology I SB1bc Enzymes and Macromolecules Test Study Guide
... By adding acids or bases, changing the temperature, or increasing the enzyme concentration 7. Draw a picture of (A) a substrate, (B) an ES complex, and (C) the products. ...
... By adding acids or bases, changing the temperature, or increasing the enzyme concentration 7. Draw a picture of (A) a substrate, (B) an ES complex, and (C) the products. ...
Biology I SB1bc Enzymes and Macromolecules Test Study Guide
... By adding acids or bases, changing the temperature, or increasing the enzyme concentration 7. Draw a picture of (A) a substrate, (B) an ES complex, and (C) the products. ...
... By adding acids or bases, changing the temperature, or increasing the enzyme concentration 7. Draw a picture of (A) a substrate, (B) an ES complex, and (C) the products. ...
ATP ENERGY PRODUCTION - SHMD 339: Exercise Physiology 3
... Production of ATP using the Aerobic System • Needs oxygen. • At the onset of exercise there isn’t enough O2 to break down food fuels. • So the first 2 anaerobic systems are used. • As heart rate and ventilation increase = more oxygen needs to be transported to working muscles. • Within 1-2 minutes ...
... Production of ATP using the Aerobic System • Needs oxygen. • At the onset of exercise there isn’t enough O2 to break down food fuels. • So the first 2 anaerobic systems are used. • As heart rate and ventilation increase = more oxygen needs to be transported to working muscles. • Within 1-2 minutes ...
Lactic Acid System - PhysicalEducationatMSC
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
Photosynthesis
... chlorophyll a molecules As a result of the light energy, electrons are released from the chlorophyll a molecule in an oxidation reaction The free electrons from the chlorophyll a molecule are then “accepted” by a protein called a primary electron acceptor which reduces the molecule The electrons the ...
... chlorophyll a molecules As a result of the light energy, electrons are released from the chlorophyll a molecule in an oxidation reaction The free electrons from the chlorophyll a molecule are then “accepted” by a protein called a primary electron acceptor which reduces the molecule The electrons the ...
Biogeochemical Cycles
... What is ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is ecology. The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere. ...
... What is ecology? The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is ecology. The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere. ...
BS3050 Physiology of Sport and Exercise
... in force output of muscle but since the ATP concentration does not decrease below 70% it is unlikely that CP is a limiting factor. However it is accepted that creatine supplementation of the diet will increase the muscle creatine phosphate levels within two days; while this does not increase maximum ...
... in force output of muscle but since the ATP concentration does not decrease below 70% it is unlikely that CP is a limiting factor. However it is accepted that creatine supplementation of the diet will increase the muscle creatine phosphate levels within two days; while this does not increase maximum ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Source of Acetyl-CoA and
... Cast as a central molecule in plant metabolism, acetyl-CoA plays a major role in many interconnecting biochemical pathways. While crucial for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids and energy production in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is also required for the biosynthe ...
... Cast as a central molecule in plant metabolism, acetyl-CoA plays a major role in many interconnecting biochemical pathways. While crucial for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plastids and energy production in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is also required for the biosynthe ...
Slide 1
... A summary of information about contribution of lipids to daily calorie usage: 1) Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA which is burned in the TCA cycle. 2) Muscles use fatty acids first, and then augment that with glucose oxidation, thus sparing glucose for periods of high energy output, and sp ...
... A summary of information about contribution of lipids to daily calorie usage: 1) Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl CoA which is burned in the TCA cycle. 2) Muscles use fatty acids first, and then augment that with glucose oxidation, thus sparing glucose for periods of high energy output, and sp ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.