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All 3 fates of pyruvate from glycolysis provide for the regeneration of
All 3 fates of pyruvate from glycolysis provide for the regeneration of

... Use other non-carbohydrate sources (glycerol,lactate, some amino acids, & (in plants) acetyl-CoA) ...
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... 5. Salivary amylase is an enzyme found in the human body which converts starch to maltose. The pH of saliva is about 7, which is close to the optimum temperature of an enzyme. Amylase stops functioning when it enters the stomach which has a pH of 2. What happens to the enzyme on entering the stomach ...
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Most common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen
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... correct for losses that may occur during sample transfers, drying etc. After hydrolysis, the HCl is dried in a Speedvac and the resulting amino acids dissolved in 100 µl Beckman sample buffer that contains 2 nmol homoserine with the latter acting as a second internal standard to independently monito ...
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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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