study guide
... High-Energy Electrons The energy in light raises some of the electrons in chlorophyll to higher energy levels. These high-energy electrons are used in photosynthesis. Electron carriers are used to transport the electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules during photosynthesis. NADP+ is a compound ...
... High-Energy Electrons The energy in light raises some of the electrons in chlorophyll to higher energy levels. These high-energy electrons are used in photosynthesis. Electron carriers are used to transport the electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules during photosynthesis. NADP+ is a compound ...
HERE
... As a result, there is an increase in Anaerobic Glycolysis, leading to an increase in cellular levels of Lactate, which consequently can, in some cases result in intracellular acidosis ...
... As a result, there is an increase in Anaerobic Glycolysis, leading to an increase in cellular levels of Lactate, which consequently can, in some cases result in intracellular acidosis ...
Fibrous proteins are especially abundant outside the cell, where
... Enzymes are not only regulated by the binding of small molecules. A second method commonly used by eukaryotic cells to regulate protein activity involves attaching a phosphate group covalently to one of its amino acids side chain. Phosphorylation of proteins cause change of conformation and eventual ...
... Enzymes are not only regulated by the binding of small molecules. A second method commonly used by eukaryotic cells to regulate protein activity involves attaching a phosphate group covalently to one of its amino acids side chain. Phosphorylation of proteins cause change of conformation and eventual ...
Chapter 4
... 41) Only B is correct as written. A could be corrected by clarifying that it is concentration or amount of substrates that ceases to change; individual molecules can form or break at any given time, but the overall amount will not change because synthesis will be balanced by degradation. C is incorr ...
... 41) Only B is correct as written. A could be corrected by clarifying that it is concentration or amount of substrates that ceases to change; individual molecules can form or break at any given time, but the overall amount will not change because synthesis will be balanced by degradation. C is incorr ...
Lecture 31
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
... In mammals, found in the liver and small intestine mucosa XO is a homodimer with FAD, two [2Fe-2S] clusters and a molybdopterin complex (Mo-pt) that cycles between Mol (VI) and Mol (IV) oxidation states. Final electron acceptor is O2 which is converted to H2O2 XO is cleaved into 3 segments. The uncl ...
Energy Transformation — Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... Phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation Immediate source: NADH and FADH2, Ultimate source: glucose ...
... Phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation Immediate source: NADH and FADH2, Ultimate source: glucose ...
Effect of growth condition on enzymes of the citric
... growth conditions although quantitative differences do exist which depend upon the conditions of growth as well as upon the substrates applied. (Table 1). In general, it can be stated that highest specific activities of the citric acid cycle enzymes were found during chemoheterotrophic growth and al ...
... growth conditions although quantitative differences do exist which depend upon the conditions of growth as well as upon the substrates applied. (Table 1). In general, it can be stated that highest specific activities of the citric acid cycle enzymes were found during chemoheterotrophic growth and al ...
Oxidation
... When red blood cells are destroyed: • Globin is hydrolyzed to amino acids to be reused. • Iron is preserved in ferritin, an iron-carrying protein, and reused. • Heme is converted to bilirubin. • Bilirubin enters the liver via the bloodstream and is then transferred to the gallbladder where it is sto ...
... When red blood cells are destroyed: • Globin is hydrolyzed to amino acids to be reused. • Iron is preserved in ferritin, an iron-carrying protein, and reused. • Heme is converted to bilirubin. • Bilirubin enters the liver via the bloodstream and is then transferred to the gallbladder where it is sto ...
Inborn error in metabolism of amino acids
... Alkaptonuria is caused by the lack of an enzyme called homogentisic dioxygenase (HGD). This condition occurs 1 in 1,000,000 live birth homogentisic acid accumulates and gets excreted in urine where the urine turns black on standing. There is a form of arthritis in late cases and generalized pigmenta ...
... Alkaptonuria is caused by the lack of an enzyme called homogentisic dioxygenase (HGD). This condition occurs 1 in 1,000,000 live birth homogentisic acid accumulates and gets excreted in urine where the urine turns black on standing. There is a form of arthritis in late cases and generalized pigmenta ...
electron transport chain
... ultimately yielding CO2 and water (Figure 6.6). The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)—to form the energy-rich reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. These reduced coenzymes can, ...
... ultimately yielding CO2 and water (Figure 6.6). The metabolic intermediates of these reactions donate electrons to specific coenzymes—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)—to form the energy-rich reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. These reduced coenzymes can, ...
Biological Oxidation
... Two molecules of the reduced form of cytochrome c pass their electrons to a copper-heme a complex and then to a copper-heme a3 group. This last group is responsible for the reduction of oxygen to produce water in a multi-step reaction which uses four electrons and four protons for each molecule of o ...
... Two molecules of the reduced form of cytochrome c pass their electrons to a copper-heme a complex and then to a copper-heme a3 group. This last group is responsible for the reduction of oxygen to produce water in a multi-step reaction which uses four electrons and four protons for each molecule of o ...
Lactic Acid Bacteria: Characteristics
... • Low pH also inhibits growth of other bacteria • Give tart taste to fermented milks • Growth is self-limiting (build up of waste products) • Used in probiotics (presence in livestock feed inhibits ...
... • Low pH also inhibits growth of other bacteria • Give tart taste to fermented milks • Growth is self-limiting (build up of waste products) • Used in probiotics (presence in livestock feed inhibits ...
Metabolic Model Describing Growth of Substrate Uptake
... medium is considerably greater to that of the salts medium. The observed specific oxygen uptake rate k3 does not reach a maximum for higher concentration of of oxygen because the growth is performed under limiting conditions of oxygen(0.5%). ...
... medium is considerably greater to that of the salts medium. The observed specific oxygen uptake rate k3 does not reach a maximum for higher concentration of of oxygen because the growth is performed under limiting conditions of oxygen(0.5%). ...
labmuscle
... acid plays an important role in generating energy physical endurance to help one survive. It is used to as fuel during exercise and recovery. The process in which lactic acid is formed is called anaerobic metabolism because it does not use oxygen. During this process, the body breaks down carbohydra ...
... acid plays an important role in generating energy physical endurance to help one survive. It is used to as fuel during exercise and recovery. The process in which lactic acid is formed is called anaerobic metabolism because it does not use oxygen. During this process, the body breaks down carbohydra ...
Synthesis and Degradation of Lipids
... • β-oxidation occurs both in mitochondria and in peroxisomes • Peroxisomes: Shortening of very-long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) for subsequent transport and oxidation in mitochondria • ALD protein to transport VLCFA into peroxisomes, no carnitine required, VLCFA-CoA synthetase • X-adrenoleukodystr ...
... • β-oxidation occurs both in mitochondria and in peroxisomes • Peroxisomes: Shortening of very-long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) for subsequent transport and oxidation in mitochondria • ALD protein to transport VLCFA into peroxisomes, no carnitine required, VLCFA-CoA synthetase • X-adrenoleukodystr ...
the essence of life
... • By acting as a buffer (e.g., acid/base environments), water minimizes fluctuations in pH ...
... • By acting as a buffer (e.g., acid/base environments), water minimizes fluctuations in pH ...
Chapter 15
... glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. ...
... glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. ...
ENERGY Physiology Function:workàlive -grows(mitosis)
... -process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way -yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down -yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule Aerobic Cellular reaction Oxygen-required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a speci ...
... -process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way -yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down -yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule Aerobic Cellular reaction Oxygen-required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a speci ...
video slide - Ionia Public Schools
... • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps ...
... • Electrons are passed through a number of proteins including cytochromes (each with an iron atom) to O2 • The electron transport chain generates no ATP • The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.