A2 Module 2814: Chains, Rings and Spectroscopy
... small molecule, such as H2O or HCl is lost), and if several amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, this is an example of condensation polymerisation. If more than about forty amino acid units are involved, the polymer is classed as a protein. Natural peptides and proteins can use any of the t ...
... small molecule, such as H2O or HCl is lost), and if several amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, this is an example of condensation polymerisation. If more than about forty amino acid units are involved, the polymer is classed as a protein. Natural peptides and proteins can use any of the t ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Related Enzymes in Cell
... Oxidation of substrates. Lactate, citrate, cisaconitate, isocitrate and oxaloacetate were utilized by cell-free extracts only in the presence of added artificial electron acceptors such as methylene blue, menadione, phenazine methosulphate etc. The results with extracts prepared either by grinding o ...
... Oxidation of substrates. Lactate, citrate, cisaconitate, isocitrate and oxaloacetate were utilized by cell-free extracts only in the presence of added artificial electron acceptors such as methylene blue, menadione, phenazine methosulphate etc. The results with extracts prepared either by grinding o ...
Macromolecule Notes
... • Contractile proteins (muscle) • Enzymes – speed up reactions (catalyst) • Reduce activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction ...
... • Contractile proteins (muscle) • Enzymes – speed up reactions (catalyst) • Reduce activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction ...
lec1-introduction
... They control metabolism by regulating metabolic reaction rates: molecules that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions in cells by breaking old covalent bonds & forming new covalent bonds ...
... They control metabolism by regulating metabolic reaction rates: molecules that accelerate or catalyze chemical reactions in cells by breaking old covalent bonds & forming new covalent bonds ...
From Fig - Jiamusi University
... mol of ATP are formed per atom of oxygen consumed. The malate shuttle system is linked to the NAD –linked respiratory chain, 3 mol of ATP are formed per atom of oxygen consumed. ...
... mol of ATP are formed per atom of oxygen consumed. The malate shuttle system is linked to the NAD –linked respiratory chain, 3 mol of ATP are formed per atom of oxygen consumed. ...
Kitchen Microbiology
... Vinegar is made by two distinct biological processes, both the result of the action of harmless microorganisms (yeast and “Acetobacter”) that turn sugars (carbohydrates) into acetic acid. ...
... Vinegar is made by two distinct biological processes, both the result of the action of harmless microorganisms (yeast and “Acetobacter”) that turn sugars (carbohydrates) into acetic acid. ...
Biomolecule Notes
... chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off. ...
... chemical process of joining monomers to form polymers. At the end of each monomer is a (H) hydrogen atom and a (-OH) group. Every time a monomer is added a molecule of water is given off. ...
answer key
... *Consider NADH, FADH2, and NADPH to be "consumed" by a pathway if the pathway oxidizes them to NAD +, FAD, and NADP+, respectively. ** Technically, GTP is produced, not ATP. But this is essentially equivalent to ATP, since the two may be interconverted. ***The mitochondrial electron transport chain ...
... *Consider NADH, FADH2, and NADPH to be "consumed" by a pathway if the pathway oxidizes them to NAD +, FAD, and NADP+, respectively. ** Technically, GTP is produced, not ATP. But this is essentially equivalent to ATP, since the two may be interconverted. ***The mitochondrial electron transport chain ...
Cellular Respiration
... •Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
... •Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
File
... Antibodies: Combat microbial invaders Keratin: Hair, collagen, and cartilage Ovalbumin: Egg white, stores nutrients for embryos Bacterial diphtheria toxin Glycoprotein: Receptor on cell surface ...
... Antibodies: Combat microbial invaders Keratin: Hair, collagen, and cartilage Ovalbumin: Egg white, stores nutrients for embryos Bacterial diphtheria toxin Glycoprotein: Receptor on cell surface ...
TECHNICAL NOTES Aurich, H .
... Investigotians of free amino clcids in Neurospora have been mode by one- or two-dimensional paper chromatography and by microbiological assays. In our I&ra+ory we used a commercial automatic recording apparatus for the determination of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography (Bender and H&in, Mun ...
... Investigotians of free amino clcids in Neurospora have been mode by one- or two-dimensional paper chromatography and by microbiological assays. In our I&ra+ory we used a commercial automatic recording apparatus for the determination of amino acids by ion exchange chromatography (Bender and H&in, Mun ...
Cellular Respiration What is Cellular Respiration?
... •Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
... •Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. •Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. ...
Topic 2: Molecular Biology
... Essential Idea: Living Organisms control their composition by complex web of chemical reactions. U1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved U2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist U3 Life is based ...
... Essential Idea: Living Organisms control their composition by complex web of chemical reactions. U1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved U2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist U3 Life is based ...
An overview of biochemistry for bioCHEM480
... Flux in biochemical pathways is regulated by changes in the activities of specific enzymes. Enzymatic activity is regulated by multiple mechanism including (1) binding via NCIs of specific intermediary metabolites (allosteric regulators), e.g. ATP, ADP, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH etc. using negative f ...
... Flux in biochemical pathways is regulated by changes in the activities of specific enzymes. Enzymatic activity is regulated by multiple mechanism including (1) binding via NCIs of specific intermediary metabolites (allosteric regulators), e.g. ATP, ADP, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH etc. using negative f ...
Integration of Metabolism
... It is specialized to serve as the body’s central metabolic clearing house. After a meal, the liver takes up the carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, processes them and routes to other tissues. The major metabolic functions of liver, in post-absorptive state are: ...
... It is specialized to serve as the body’s central metabolic clearing house. After a meal, the liver takes up the carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, processes them and routes to other tissues. The major metabolic functions of liver, in post-absorptive state are: ...
Chapter 26: Biomolecules: Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins
... nonbasic because its lone pair of electrons is part of the 6 electron aromatic imidazole ring (see Section 24.4). ...
... nonbasic because its lone pair of electrons is part of the 6 electron aromatic imidazole ring (see Section 24.4). ...
Chapter 2: Biochemistry
... Peptide Bond) Click on the above link to see the formation of a peptide bond ...
... Peptide Bond) Click on the above link to see the formation of a peptide bond ...
dopamineSummary
... Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the human body from the amino acid phenylalanine. Tyrosine is composed of the standard amino acid backbone with an aromatic ring containing a hydroxyl (OH) group on the fourth carbon of the ring. Version 1.4 -11/2015 ...
... Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the human body from the amino acid phenylalanine. Tyrosine is composed of the standard amino acid backbone with an aromatic ring containing a hydroxyl (OH) group on the fourth carbon of the ring. Version 1.4 -11/2015 ...
Student Study Guide
... The Krebs cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules: a closer look (pp. 161166, FIGURES 9.11, 9.12) The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. The twocarbon acetate of acetyl CoA joins the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon cit ...
... The Krebs cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules: a closer look (pp. 161166, FIGURES 9.11, 9.12) The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. The twocarbon acetate of acetyl CoA joins the four-carbon oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon cit ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.