S1 Text Section A Annotation by structural analysis In case of aldose
... Comparison of energy metabolism between different developmental stages of L.infantum Amastigotes display a reduced ATP synthesis and hence, a reduced growth rate as compared to promastigotes [11]. Also, the uptake rates of glucose and non-essential amino acids are highly reduced in the amastigote sc ...
... Comparison of energy metabolism between different developmental stages of L.infantum Amastigotes display a reduced ATP synthesis and hence, a reduced growth rate as compared to promastigotes [11]. Also, the uptake rates of glucose and non-essential amino acids are highly reduced in the amastigote sc ...
AP Biology Chapter Objectives – Campbell 7th Edition Modified from
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
... 7. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where s ...
Bio-Macromolecules Worksheet.doc
... reaction is called dehydration synthesis or condensation as water is produced when the monomers are bonded together. To break the polymers down again the reaction is called hydrolysis. Notice how water is used or produced in these two reactions shown to the right There are four classes of macromolec ...
... reaction is called dehydration synthesis or condensation as water is produced when the monomers are bonded together. To break the polymers down again the reaction is called hydrolysis. Notice how water is used or produced in these two reactions shown to the right There are four classes of macromolec ...
LITERATURE REVIEW: 1) Citric acid production by Aspergillusniger
... importantcommercial product with global production reaching 736,000 tons/yr. Furthermore, it isproduced almost through the submerged fermentation of the white rot fungus (Jianlong 2000). Citric acid is widely used in the food, beverage,pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and it has other applicat ...
... importantcommercial product with global production reaching 736,000 tons/yr. Furthermore, it isproduced almost through the submerged fermentation of the white rot fungus (Jianlong 2000). Citric acid is widely used in the food, beverage,pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and it has other applicat ...
The Molecules of Life
... It is used by plant cells to store energy Potatoes and grains Glycogen is used by animal cells to store energy It is hydrolyzed to release glucose when we need energy Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It makes up the walls of plant cells It cannot be chemically broken by any e ...
... It is used by plant cells to store energy Potatoes and grains Glycogen is used by animal cells to store energy It is hydrolyzed to release glucose when we need energy Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth It makes up the walls of plant cells It cannot be chemically broken by any e ...
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - University of San Diego Home
... -The thermodynamics are essentially even so it is easily reversible -This reaction is necessary for the formation of enolase another high energy intermediate ...
... -The thermodynamics are essentially even so it is easily reversible -This reaction is necessary for the formation of enolase another high energy intermediate ...
Lecture 27
... from acetyl-CoA • Acetate units are activated for transfer to growing FA chain by conversion to malonylCoA • Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA and reducing power of NADPH drive chain growth • Chain grows to 16-carbons (eight acetyl-CoAs) • Other enzymes add double bonds and more carbons ...
... from acetyl-CoA • Acetate units are activated for transfer to growing FA chain by conversion to malonylCoA • Decarboxylation of malonyl-CoA and reducing power of NADPH drive chain growth • Chain grows to 16-carbons (eight acetyl-CoAs) • Other enzymes add double bonds and more carbons ...
清华大学本科生考试试题专用纸
... Answer(s): B, C, D, E, F, H, I, J 24. Which of the following statements about E. coli promoters are correct? (2 points) A. They may exhibit different transcription efficiencies. B. For most genes they include variants of consensus sequences. C. They specify the start sites for transcription on the D ...
... Answer(s): B, C, D, E, F, H, I, J 24. Which of the following statements about E. coli promoters are correct? (2 points) A. They may exhibit different transcription efficiencies. B. For most genes they include variants of consensus sequences. C. They specify the start sites for transcription on the D ...
Amino Acid Metabolism 1. Explain the role of glutamate in amino
... amino group of glutamate can then be used to convert a wide variety of keto acids into the corresponding amino acid. During amino acid degradation, the amino groups of amino acids are transferred to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate. Glutamate is converted to alphaketoglutarate and ammonia, and ...
... amino group of glutamate can then be used to convert a wide variety of keto acids into the corresponding amino acid. During amino acid degradation, the amino groups of amino acids are transferred to alpha-ketoglutarate to form glutamate. Glutamate is converted to alphaketoglutarate and ammonia, and ...
F324 summary - Macmillan Academy
... • Novel, useful molecules can be synthesised using organic chemistry. • A chiral molecule is more difficult to synthesise since many other optical isomers may also form – costly in money and time to separate or resolve the isomers. • Enzymes, bacteria, chiral catalysts and chiral-starting points (e. ...
... • Novel, useful molecules can be synthesised using organic chemistry. • A chiral molecule is more difficult to synthesise since many other optical isomers may also form – costly in money and time to separate or resolve the isomers. • Enzymes, bacteria, chiral catalysts and chiral-starting points (e. ...
Biomolecules
... • Chemical properties and reactivity are a result of functional groups • Functional groups maintain chemical properties no matter where they occur • Polar molecules are hydrophilic • Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic • The degree to which organic molecules interact with water affects their function ...
... • Chemical properties and reactivity are a result of functional groups • Functional groups maintain chemical properties no matter where they occur • Polar molecules are hydrophilic • Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic • The degree to which organic molecules interact with water affects their function ...
Honors Biology 11/9
... Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules. However the orientation of the sugars is a little different. In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down". Help with structure in plant cell wall. ...
... Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules. However the orientation of the sugars is a little different. In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down". Help with structure in plant cell wall. ...
Class4 1-6 Win16 Enzymes and Nucleic Acids Notes
... a reaction can allow an organism to drive an otherwise impossible reaction. • Imagine that the genome of a new bacteria found on Mars is 35% Guanine. What percentage of the new genome is likely to be Cytosine? What assumptions are you making in your calculation? • Why is RNA more like protein than ...
... a reaction can allow an organism to drive an otherwise impossible reaction. • Imagine that the genome of a new bacteria found on Mars is 35% Guanine. What percentage of the new genome is likely to be Cytosine? What assumptions are you making in your calculation? • Why is RNA more like protein than ...
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
... Inorganic refers to carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon ...
... Inorganic refers to carbon dioxide and all molecules without carbon ...
Title: Author - Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
... In the transamination reaction the amino group of the amino acid substrate is transferred to pyridoxale phosphate cofactor of transaminase enzyme followed by its transfer to the keto acid substrate. Keto acid and amino acid products are produced in the reaction. Transaminase catalyzed reaction is re ...
... In the transamination reaction the amino group of the amino acid substrate is transferred to pyridoxale phosphate cofactor of transaminase enzyme followed by its transfer to the keto acid substrate. Keto acid and amino acid products are produced in the reaction. Transaminase catalyzed reaction is re ...
Proteins…
... Tripeptide – three amino acids together Polypeptide – more than three amino acids together All linked together with “Peptide Bonds” ...
... Tripeptide – three amino acids together Polypeptide – more than three amino acids together All linked together with “Peptide Bonds” ...
homework 3 assigned
... Homework 3, due Friday, May 12 (10 points) Given the following table of the amino acid associated with each triple of nucleotides, construct a map that has triples of nucleotides as keys and amino acids as values. Append a main function that converts a string of nucleotides into a vector of the corr ...
... Homework 3, due Friday, May 12 (10 points) Given the following table of the amino acid associated with each triple of nucleotides, construct a map that has triples of nucleotides as keys and amino acids as values. Append a main function that converts a string of nucleotides into a vector of the corr ...
Document
... E. [14CO2] is never released. C. 2 cycles The figure below right shows the dependence of an enzyme’s rate, v (in M/min), as a function of substrate concentration, S (in mM). Also shown is the dependence of the rate on the presence of an inhibitor, present at a concentration of 2 mM. Use this inform ...
... E. [14CO2] is never released. C. 2 cycles The figure below right shows the dependence of an enzyme’s rate, v (in M/min), as a function of substrate concentration, S (in mM). Also shown is the dependence of the rate on the presence of an inhibitor, present at a concentration of 2 mM. Use this inform ...
CH_18_8_Degradation_Amino_Acids
... Match each the intermediate with the amino acid that provides its carbon skeleton: pyruvate, fumarate, or ketoglutarate. A. B. C. D. ...
... Match each the intermediate with the amino acid that provides its carbon skeleton: pyruvate, fumarate, or ketoglutarate. A. B. C. D. ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
... Iron forms a chelate with NADH and FAD(2H) that is necessary for them to donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. Iron acts as a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate DH in the TCA cycle, a reaction required for the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain. Iron accompanies the p ...
... Iron forms a chelate with NADH and FAD(2H) that is necessary for them to donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. Iron acts as a cofactor for α-ketoglutarate DH in the TCA cycle, a reaction required for the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain. Iron accompanies the p ...
20 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
... biosynthetic reactions, the carbons of oxaloacetate must be replaced by anaplerotic (filling up) reactions, such as the pyruvate carboxylase reaction. The TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondrion, where its flux is tightly coordinated with the rate of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphor ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.