Lipogenesis (2014)
... NB: the synthesis of TAG occurs mainly in liver and mammary glands but it is stored mainly in adipose tissue and muscles ...
... NB: the synthesis of TAG occurs mainly in liver and mammary glands but it is stored mainly in adipose tissue and muscles ...
WEEK 11
... Galactose This aldose does not occur freely in nature. It is found in brain and nervous tissue as a component of compounds called cerebrosides. Galactose polymerizes to form agar-agar, which is found in seaweed and is used to solidify broth in microbiology. ...
... Galactose This aldose does not occur freely in nature. It is found in brain and nervous tissue as a component of compounds called cerebrosides. Galactose polymerizes to form agar-agar, which is found in seaweed and is used to solidify broth in microbiology. ...
Electron Transport Chain
... a) Given the following reduction potentials, calculate the available standard free energy from this process. NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- NADH E’º = -0.32 V 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2O E’º = 0.82 V b) If three ATP ’ s are synthesized per electron pair transferred, what is the efficiency of the process? ...
... a) Given the following reduction potentials, calculate the available standard free energy from this process. NAD+ + H+ + 2 e- NADH E’º = -0.32 V 1/2 O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- H2O E’º = 0.82 V b) If three ATP ’ s are synthesized per electron pair transferred, what is the efficiency of the process? ...
Photosynthesis/Respiration Powerpoint
... How do Cells Use ATP • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy. Breaking the bond on the 3rd phosphate releases energy for the cell to use. • When the cell has food energy available it can “recharge” the molecule by adding a phosphate group back to ADP, ...
... How do Cells Use ATP • All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy. Breaking the bond on the 3rd phosphate releases energy for the cell to use. • When the cell has food energy available it can “recharge” the molecule by adding a phosphate group back to ADP, ...
Chapters 14 and 15 Outline
... pH meter – is a device that determines the pH of a solution by measuring the voltage between the two electrodes that are in the solution. Titration – is a controlled addition and measurement of the amount of a solution of known concentration required to react completely with a measure of a solution ...
... pH meter – is a device that determines the pH of a solution by measuring the voltage between the two electrodes that are in the solution. Titration – is a controlled addition and measurement of the amount of a solution of known concentration required to react completely with a measure of a solution ...
FATTY ACID OXIDATION Fatty acids are oxidized in several tissues
... [4] β-Ketoacyl-CoA is now broken down by an acyl transferase into acetyl CoA and an acyl CoA shortened by 2 C atoms (“thioclastic cleavage”). Several cycles are required for complete degradation of long-chain fatty acids—eight cycles in the case of stearyl-CoA (C18:0), for example. The acetyl CoA fo ...
... [4] β-Ketoacyl-CoA is now broken down by an acyl transferase into acetyl CoA and an acyl CoA shortened by 2 C atoms (“thioclastic cleavage”). Several cycles are required for complete degradation of long-chain fatty acids—eight cycles in the case of stearyl-CoA (C18:0), for example. The acetyl CoA fo ...
Carbohydrate metabolism
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
... •In absence of O2 re-oxidation of NADH at glyceraldehyde-3-Pdehydrogenase stage cannot take place in electron-transport chain. But the cells have limited coenzyme. Hence to continue the glycolytic pathway NADH must be oxidized to NAD+. This is achieved by reoxidation of NADH by conversion of pyruvat ...
the Overview - The United Mitochondrial Disease
... Long chain fatty acids (FA) are common dietary nutrients, a major energy source for most cells, and precursors for synthesis of cellular lipids with structural or signaling functions. Most tissues, except for liver and adipose tissue, possess little capacity for de novo FA ...
... Long chain fatty acids (FA) are common dietary nutrients, a major energy source for most cells, and precursors for synthesis of cellular lipids with structural or signaling functions. Most tissues, except for liver and adipose tissue, possess little capacity for de novo FA ...
Redox Reactions in Metabolism Supplemental Reading Key
... In contrast, FAD is reduced by sequential addition of one hydrogen (1 e- and 1 H+) at a time to give the fully reduced FADH2 product FAD + 1 e- + 1 H+ <--> FADH + 1 e- + H+ <--> FADH2 Oxidations can also involve a direct combination with oxygen which oxidizes the carbon by pulling e- toward the more ...
... In contrast, FAD is reduced by sequential addition of one hydrogen (1 e- and 1 H+) at a time to give the fully reduced FADH2 product FAD + 1 e- + 1 H+ <--> FADH + 1 e- + H+ <--> FADH2 Oxidations can also involve a direct combination with oxygen which oxidizes the carbon by pulling e- toward the more ...
Lab 1 activity, AMINO ACIDS - Cal State LA
... - some are responsible for folding protein into correct 2D and 3D shape - others bind to small molecules like enzyme cofactors & substrates ...
... - some are responsible for folding protein into correct 2D and 3D shape - others bind to small molecules like enzyme cofactors & substrates ...
2 395G Exam 3 11 Dec 2002 First calculate ∆E
... 7. a. Increased ketogenesis results from a decrease/increase in carbohydrate metabolism coupled to a decrease/increase in fatty acid oxidation (circle the correct word). ...
... 7. a. Increased ketogenesis results from a decrease/increase in carbohydrate metabolism coupled to a decrease/increase in fatty acid oxidation (circle the correct word). ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. C) NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can sti ...
... A) NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. B) NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH. C) NAD+ is oxidized by the action of hydrogenases. D) NAD+ can donate electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation. E) In the absence of NAD+, glycolysis can sti ...
lecture CH24 chem131pikul
... • In step [10], the phosphate is transferred to an ADP, yielding pyruvate and ATP with a kinase enzyme. • The 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate units are converted into 2 pyruvate units in Phase two of glycolysis. ...
... • In step [10], the phosphate is transferred to an ADP, yielding pyruvate and ATP with a kinase enzyme. • The 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate units are converted into 2 pyruvate units in Phase two of glycolysis. ...
How do digestive enzymes work
... The liver produces bile (an alkali), which is stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine. ...
... The liver produces bile (an alkali), which is stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine. ...
View Full PDF - Biochemical Society Transactions
... products to enzyme complexes other than those to which they normally combine in the reverse reaction can change the form of the observed inhibition patterns. Both products, pyruvate and ATP, were non-competitive inhibitors with respect to the substrate ADP. This is the expected pattern if the two de ...
... products to enzyme complexes other than those to which they normally combine in the reverse reaction can change the form of the observed inhibition patterns. Both products, pyruvate and ATP, were non-competitive inhibitors with respect to the substrate ADP. This is the expected pattern if the two de ...
Translation Tjian lec 26
... Amino Acid activation. The two-step process in which an amino acid (with its side chain denoted by R) is activated for protein synthesis by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme is shown. As indicated, the energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to attach each amino acid to its tRNA molecule in a high-energ ...
... Amino Acid activation. The two-step process in which an amino acid (with its side chain denoted by R) is activated for protein synthesis by an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme is shown. As indicated, the energy of ATP hydrolysis is used to attach each amino acid to its tRNA molecule in a high-energ ...
Principles of Biochemistry 4/e
... The cheetah, whose capacity for aerobic metabolism makes it one of the fastest animals ...
... The cheetah, whose capacity for aerobic metabolism makes it one of the fastest animals ...
Ch 6- Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
... • Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as poisons • Cyanides inhibit enzymes resulting in all ATP production • Penicillin inhibits an enzyme unique to certain bacteria • Heavy metals irreversibly bind with many enzymes • Nerve gas irreversibly inhibits enzymes required by nervous ...
... • Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are known as poisons • Cyanides inhibit enzymes resulting in all ATP production • Penicillin inhibits an enzyme unique to certain bacteria • Heavy metals irreversibly bind with many enzymes • Nerve gas irreversibly inhibits enzymes required by nervous ...
Biochemistry of neurotransmitters
... Glutamate is released (1) and acts on NMDA receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron (2) Ca2+ enters the postsynaptic neuron and binds with calmodulin activating NOS (3) resulting in formation of NO and citrulline from L-arginine (4). ...
... Glutamate is released (1) and acts on NMDA receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron (2) Ca2+ enters the postsynaptic neuron and binds with calmodulin activating NOS (3) resulting in formation of NO and citrulline from L-arginine (4). ...
State a significant event that occurs during each of the following
... What is consumed during this process? glucose What is produced during this process? 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate 4B (5 pts) Which phase of aerobic respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion? Krebs cycle What is consumed during this process? 2 Pyruvate What is produced during this process? 6CO2 ...
... What is consumed during this process? glucose What is produced during this process? 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate 4B (5 pts) Which phase of aerobic respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion? Krebs cycle What is consumed during this process? 2 Pyruvate What is produced during this process? 6CO2 ...
Lab #8
... due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars and a free amino acid or a free amino group of an amino acid that is part of a protein chain. This reaction is called the Maillard reaction. It is also called non-enzymatic browning to differentiate it from the often rapid, enzyme-catalyzed browning ...
... due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars and a free amino acid or a free amino group of an amino acid that is part of a protein chain. This reaction is called the Maillard reaction. It is also called non-enzymatic browning to differentiate it from the often rapid, enzyme-catalyzed browning ...
Synthesis, Isolation and Purification of an Ester
... balanced chemical equation. The role of stoichiometry in real-world applications is important to note, so that it does not seem to be simply an exercise done only by chemists. hemical reactions can be classified by considering what the reactants are, what the products are, or how they change from ...
... balanced chemical equation. The role of stoichiometry in real-world applications is important to note, so that it does not seem to be simply an exercise done only by chemists. hemical reactions can be classified by considering what the reactants are, what the products are, or how they change from ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.