Direct Comparison DNA and Amino Acid Sequences Based on a
... results than with BLASTX. Since this method is based on dynamic programming calculation, it requires considerable computational time. To reduce the computation time, we performed a parallel computation on a workstation cluster using a PVM programming. When using up to 11 CPUs, the computational time ...
... results than with BLASTX. Since this method is based on dynamic programming calculation, it requires considerable computational time. To reduce the computation time, we performed a parallel computation on a workstation cluster using a PVM programming. When using up to 11 CPUs, the computational time ...
The Microbiological Degradation of Aromatic Compounds
... These microbes produce, mostly as a result of induction, a whole sequence of enzymes which convert aromatic substrates into an ortho or para dihydroxyphenol derivative, followed by cleavage of the ring to aliphatic acids; these ring fission products are then funnelled into the Krebs cycle through a ...
... These microbes produce, mostly as a result of induction, a whole sequence of enzymes which convert aromatic substrates into an ortho or para dihydroxyphenol derivative, followed by cleavage of the ring to aliphatic acids; these ring fission products are then funnelled into the Krebs cycle through a ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... If no oxygen is available after glycolysis, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration. ...
... If no oxygen is available after glycolysis, cells can obtain energy through the process of anaerobic respiration. ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... a Each value is the mean ± standard deviation of three or four independent experiments. b Data were obtained from a single experiment. ...
... a Each value is the mean ± standard deviation of three or four independent experiments. b Data were obtained from a single experiment. ...
... NADH – Complex I – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) FADH2 – Complex II – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) v) The energy that is released during electron transport is stored as proton (hydrogen ion) gradient (1/2) across the inner membrane (1/2 pt) (complete the sent ...
The metabolic advantage of tumor cells Open Access Maurice Israël
... its destruction aggravates the process. In summary, it is like if the mechanism switching from gluconeogenesis to glycolysis was jammed in tumors, PK and PDH are at rest, like for gluconeogenesis, but citrate synthase is on. Thus, citric acid condensation pulls the glucose flux in the glycolytic dir ...
... its destruction aggravates the process. In summary, it is like if the mechanism switching from gluconeogenesis to glycolysis was jammed in tumors, PK and PDH are at rest, like for gluconeogenesis, but citrate synthase is on. Thus, citric acid condensation pulls the glucose flux in the glycolytic dir ...
Metabolic Pathways
... Cell metabolism • Is the collective term for all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell • Reactions are turned on/off or sped up/slowed down according to the cell's immediate needs and overall functions • the numerous pathways involved in building up and breaking down cellular compon ...
... Cell metabolism • Is the collective term for all the biochemical reactions that occur in a living cell • Reactions are turned on/off or sped up/slowed down according to the cell's immediate needs and overall functions • the numerous pathways involved in building up and breaking down cellular compon ...
Amino Acids and Peptides-chap 3
... Grant as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration (CB-15-162-06-60). NCC is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the following basis: against any individual in the United States, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national or ...
... Grant as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration (CB-15-162-06-60). NCC is an equal opportunity employer and does not discriminate on the following basis: against any individual in the United States, on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national or ...
Lec 16: Nitrogen (ammonia) assimilation
... 1. It forms AMP from ATP… (instead of forming ADP as in glutamine synthetase) 2. “Ammonia” can be free ammonia OR the amide of glutamine It turns out… using glutamine is preferred over using ammonia in this case. Therefore, this enzyme is not a major enzyme for ammonia assimilation. ...
... 1. It forms AMP from ATP… (instead of forming ADP as in glutamine synthetase) 2. “Ammonia” can be free ammonia OR the amide of glutamine It turns out… using glutamine is preferred over using ammonia in this case. Therefore, this enzyme is not a major enzyme for ammonia assimilation. ...
biomolecules
... Fats are found in many dietary sources, double bond will form between two including fish, eggs, and oil. adjacent unsaturated carbons. The carbons on either side of the double bond have one less hydrogen (they are not saturated with hydrogen) than other carbons in the chain. The term unsaturated is u ...
... Fats are found in many dietary sources, double bond will form between two including fish, eggs, and oil. adjacent unsaturated carbons. The carbons on either side of the double bond have one less hydrogen (they are not saturated with hydrogen) than other carbons in the chain. The term unsaturated is u ...
Transcript - University of Idaho
... Translation Slide 2 Two distinct stages are required to synthesize a protein. As we saw in the previous lesson, the first stage is transcription which involves three major steps (initiation, elongation and termination) to transcribe the information from genes contained within a DNA molecule to produ ...
... Translation Slide 2 Two distinct stages are required to synthesize a protein. As we saw in the previous lesson, the first stage is transcription which involves three major steps (initiation, elongation and termination) to transcribe the information from genes contained within a DNA molecule to produ ...
Practice Exam I answers
... c). This is not possible as it violates the 1st law of Thermodynamics. d). This is not possible as it violates the 2nd law of Thermodynamics. e). Cannot calculate due to insufficient information. (a), the surroundings did 4 kJ of work on the system. 5). A process has the following thermodynamic par ...
... c). This is not possible as it violates the 1st law of Thermodynamics. d). This is not possible as it violates the 2nd law of Thermodynamics. e). Cannot calculate due to insufficient information. (a), the surroundings did 4 kJ of work on the system. 5). A process has the following thermodynamic par ...
AQA Biology: Energy transfers and changes in
... 5 Substrate level phosphorylation is when ATP is formed as one intermediate is converted to another; oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is produced using oxygen/as electrons pass through electron transfer chain. Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for ...
... 5 Substrate level phosphorylation is when ATP is formed as one intermediate is converted to another; oxidative phosphorylation is when ATP is produced using oxygen/as electrons pass through electron transfer chain. Examples: for substrate level, any from glycolysis/link reaction/Krebs cycle; and for ...
Nutrient uptake by protocells: a liposome model system
... (Paula et al., 1996). It follows that transcription of DNA templates by a templatedirected enzyme, such as T7 RNA polymerase, should be possible with the substrates being supplied in the external bulk medium. These are currently underway in our laboratory and will be reported elsewhere. In contrast ...
... (Paula et al., 1996). It follows that transcription of DNA templates by a templatedirected enzyme, such as T7 RNA polymerase, should be possible with the substrates being supplied in the external bulk medium. These are currently underway in our laboratory and will be reported elsewhere. In contrast ...
1 The Nitrogen Cycle the cycling of nitrogen through the biosphere
... If nearly 79 % of the atmosphere is nitrogen, how could there be a shortage of nitrogen in some soils? ...
... If nearly 79 % of the atmosphere is nitrogen, how could there be a shortage of nitrogen in some soils? ...
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Vitamin B12, Folic Acid and B6 • To
... To describe the sources, Recommended Daily Allowance and Chemical nature of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid & Vitamin B6 ...
... To describe the sources, Recommended Daily Allowance and Chemical nature of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid & Vitamin B6 ...
How metabolites modulate metabolic flux
... most direct means to control enzymatic reactions, they can affect several metabolic pathways simultaneously and, thus, cannot specifically increase a flux to produce a certain metabolite. For instance, high glucose levels will induce a high glycolytic flux. Since serine is derived from the glycolyti ...
... most direct means to control enzymatic reactions, they can affect several metabolic pathways simultaneously and, thus, cannot specifically increase a flux to produce a certain metabolite. For instance, high glucose levels will induce a high glycolytic flux. Since serine is derived from the glycolyti ...
Biochemie jater
... 3-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate serve as the key metabolites in energy production (after 1-2 weeks of starvation, the nerve tissue also begins to utilize ketone bodies as energy sources) Acetone is exhaled via the lungs ...
... 3-Hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate serve as the key metabolites in energy production (after 1-2 weeks of starvation, the nerve tissue also begins to utilize ketone bodies as energy sources) Acetone is exhaled via the lungs ...
Translation Notes 2015 - Liberty Union High School District
... take its amino acid? A: tRNA has an anti-codon that lets it find its spot on the mRNA strand. Anti-codon: A region of tRNA consisting of 3 bases complementary to the mRNA codon (A with U, G with C) ...
... take its amino acid? A: tRNA has an anti-codon that lets it find its spot on the mRNA strand. Anti-codon: A region of tRNA consisting of 3 bases complementary to the mRNA codon (A with U, G with C) ...
Changes in the Intracellular Concentration of Acetyl
... total acyl-CoA was not saturated under these conditions, suggesting that the maximum concentration of total acyl-CoA was not necessarily determined by the apparent excess of glucose in the medium. Various carbon sources other than glucose, each at a concentration of 28 mM, were examined for their ef ...
... total acyl-CoA was not saturated under these conditions, suggesting that the maximum concentration of total acyl-CoA was not necessarily determined by the apparent excess of glucose in the medium. Various carbon sources other than glucose, each at a concentration of 28 mM, were examined for their ef ...
Hormones of the Gut
... bladder to contract--cholecystokinin. 2. 1940s: Extract of duodenal mucosa stimulates pancreas to secrete enzymes--pancreozymin. 3. 1964-8: Purification of a single substance that stimulated both contraction of the gall bladder and pancreatic enzyme secretion--settled on one name: cholecystokinin (C ...
... bladder to contract--cholecystokinin. 2. 1940s: Extract of duodenal mucosa stimulates pancreas to secrete enzymes--pancreozymin. 3. 1964-8: Purification of a single substance that stimulated both contraction of the gall bladder and pancreatic enzyme secretion--settled on one name: cholecystokinin (C ...
(18 , 19)
... • Liver disease is a common cause of hyperammonemia in adults. • It may be a result of: a- acute causes: (e.g. viral hepatitis, ischemia, or hepatotoxins.) b- liver Cirrhosis caused by alcoholism, hepatitis, or bilia ry obstruction • may result in formation of collateral circulation around the liver ...
... • Liver disease is a common cause of hyperammonemia in adults. • It may be a result of: a- acute causes: (e.g. viral hepatitis, ischemia, or hepatotoxins.) b- liver Cirrhosis caused by alcoholism, hepatitis, or bilia ry obstruction • may result in formation of collateral circulation around the liver ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.