INF115 Compulsory Exercise 1 The Genetic Code DNA is
... DNA provides the ‘blueprints’ and ‘recipes’ for all proteins. This leads to an interesting question about how the 4 letter (A,C,G and T) nucleotide alphabet is able to encode the 20 different amino acid’s that proteins can be made from. The encoding is achieved by groups ...
... DNA provides the ‘blueprints’ and ‘recipes’ for all proteins. This leads to an interesting question about how the 4 letter (A,C,G and T) nucleotide alphabet is able to encode the 20 different amino acid’s that proteins can be made from. The encoding is achieved by groups ...
PDF - The Journal of General Physiology
... Physiological focuses on mitochondria, exploring circadian regulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, what happens when you eliminate the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, and Ca2+ transport by the inner mitochondrial membrane protein Letm1. ...
... Physiological focuses on mitochondria, exploring circadian regulation of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, what happens when you eliminate the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, and Ca2+ transport by the inner mitochondrial membrane protein Letm1. ...
(a) (c)
... • stays in nucleus. • contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). • is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction . ...
... • stays in nucleus. • contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). • is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction . ...
Phosphorus_Cycle
... mineral deposits, it is absorbed by plants and recycled within ecosystems. •The phosphates (inorganic phosphates, mainly orthophosphate ions; PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, H3PO4) are utilized by plants in metabolism and then passed on to heterotrophic organism through food chain. The decomposition of organ ...
... mineral deposits, it is absorbed by plants and recycled within ecosystems. •The phosphates (inorganic phosphates, mainly orthophosphate ions; PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, H3PO4) are utilized by plants in metabolism and then passed on to heterotrophic organism through food chain. The decomposition of organ ...
Mol Bio CH 14 Nov 15
... -Eukaryotic mRNAs may have a Kozak sequence - similar function -Other (less well understood) mechanisms function for mRNAs without these sequences ...
... -Eukaryotic mRNAs may have a Kozak sequence - similar function -Other (less well understood) mechanisms function for mRNAs without these sequences ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
2 Properties Carboxylic Acids GOB Structures
... Carboxylates are part of the metabolic processes within our cells. For example, • during glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, the carboxylate salt of pyruvic acid. • during strenuous exercise when oxygen levels are low (anaerobic), pyruvate is reduced to g ...
... Carboxylates are part of the metabolic processes within our cells. For example, • during glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, the carboxylate salt of pyruvic acid. • during strenuous exercise when oxygen levels are low (anaerobic), pyruvate is reduced to g ...
Amino Acids - Portal UniMAP
... Contain carboxylate R group The side chains of aspartic acid & glutamic acid are polar and negatively charged at physiological pH, so they often referred as aspartate and glutamate ...
... Contain carboxylate R group The side chains of aspartic acid & glutamic acid are polar and negatively charged at physiological pH, so they often referred as aspartate and glutamate ...
Physiological role of insulin
... – Increased lipoprotein metabolism • Lipoprotein lipase – Increased free fatty acids release ...
... – Increased lipoprotein metabolism • Lipoprotein lipase – Increased free fatty acids release ...
Chapter 20
... • An enzyme is a catalyst for biological reactions. • Enzymes work by a lock-and-key mechanism, where only a specific substrate fits into the enzyme to react. • Reactions catalyzed by enzymes can be completed in a matter of seconds, whereas the reaction would normally take many years. ...
... • An enzyme is a catalyst for biological reactions. • Enzymes work by a lock-and-key mechanism, where only a specific substrate fits into the enzyme to react. • Reactions catalyzed by enzymes can be completed in a matter of seconds, whereas the reaction would normally take many years. ...
Carbon and electron flow in Clostridium butyricum
... acetate and butyrate. The increasing levels of these enzyme activities with increasing dilution rates (D) explained the constant proportion of glycerol conversion into 1,3-PD. The production of acetate or butyrate constitutes another important branch point and when D increased (i)large amounts of in ...
... acetate and butyrate. The increasing levels of these enzyme activities with increasing dilution rates (D) explained the constant proportion of glycerol conversion into 1,3-PD. The production of acetate or butyrate constitutes another important branch point and when D increased (i)large amounts of in ...
幻灯片 1
... Triglycerides combine with cholesterol and specific proteins to form chylomicrons(CM, 乳糜 微粒) for transport to other tissues. The fate of dietary phospholipids is similar to that of triacylglycerols. Pancreatic phospholipases secreted into the intestine catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which ...
... Triglycerides combine with cholesterol and specific proteins to form chylomicrons(CM, 乳糜 微粒) for transport to other tissues. The fate of dietary phospholipids is similar to that of triacylglycerols. Pancreatic phospholipases secreted into the intestine catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which ...
Label-free and redox proteomic analyses of the
... from growth to lipid-accumulating stages. Furthermore, during the transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation, the cellular redox state needs to switch from an oxidative catabolism, consuming NADH to gain energy, to a reducing anabolism using NADPH to produce fatty acids. Oxidative modificatio ...
... from growth to lipid-accumulating stages. Furthermore, during the transition from cell growth to lipid accumulation, the cellular redox state needs to switch from an oxidative catabolism, consuming NADH to gain energy, to a reducing anabolism using NADPH to produce fatty acids. Oxidative modificatio ...
PHARMACOLOGY (and other important compounds) Hey, Here is a
... Erythropoietin- [EPO], produced by kidney peritubular cells - works using a JAK/STAT signaling mechanism - release stimulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HF-1) - increases in anemia - Stimulates RBC synthesis -suppresses apoptosis -inc synthesis globin precursors - recombinant form of EPO used in ...
... Erythropoietin- [EPO], produced by kidney peritubular cells - works using a JAK/STAT signaling mechanism - release stimulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HF-1) - increases in anemia - Stimulates RBC synthesis -suppresses apoptosis -inc synthesis globin precursors - recombinant form of EPO used in ...
Journal of Biotechnology Evaluation of 13C isotopic tracers for
... as the flux values themselves (Antoniewicz et al., 2006). Stationary MFA is conducted when the labeled substrate is at isotopic steady state and does not utilize pool size or transient data; as such, this technique is especially reliant upon the specific tracer used. Depending on the particular biorea ...
... as the flux values themselves (Antoniewicz et al., 2006). Stationary MFA is conducted when the labeled substrate is at isotopic steady state and does not utilize pool size or transient data; as such, this technique is especially reliant upon the specific tracer used. Depending on the particular biorea ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Insulin and exercise • Insulin falls during exercise - likely due to rise in epinephrine (both changes result in increased HGP) • With aerobic training – Decreased release of glucagon and catecholamines and an reduction in the fall in insulin at a given relative intensity – Fig 9-7 ...
... Insulin and exercise • Insulin falls during exercise - likely due to rise in epinephrine (both changes result in increased HGP) • With aerobic training – Decreased release of glucagon and catecholamines and an reduction in the fall in insulin at a given relative intensity – Fig 9-7 ...
FATTY ACID METABOLISM
... molecules of NADH. • 1.5 of ATP are formed for each of the 7 molecules of FADH2. • Recall that the oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle yields 10 molecules of ATP. • Hence, the number of ATP molecules formed in the oxidation of palmitoyl CoA is: ...
... molecules of NADH. • 1.5 of ATP are formed for each of the 7 molecules of FADH2. • Recall that the oxidation of acetyl CoA by the citric acid cycle yields 10 molecules of ATP. • Hence, the number of ATP molecules formed in the oxidation of palmitoyl CoA is: ...
Organic Chemistry
... • Each peptide bond is planar and has the s-trans conformation. • The C=O and N-H groups of peptide bonds from adjacent chains point toward each other and are in the same plane so that hydrogen bonding is possible between them. • All R- groups on any one chain alternate, first above, then below the ...
... • Each peptide bond is planar and has the s-trans conformation. • The C=O and N-H groups of peptide bonds from adjacent chains point toward each other and are in the same plane so that hydrogen bonding is possible between them. • All R- groups on any one chain alternate, first above, then below the ...
A1980JX53900001
... benzyloxycarbonyl amino acids, suggested that this could be a general method for the synthesis of any long peptide chain. This view was expressed also in the title of our paper The repetitiveness of the operation seemed to lend itself to mechanization and automation,2 and the stepwise strategy indee ...
... benzyloxycarbonyl amino acids, suggested that this could be a general method for the synthesis of any long peptide chain. This view was expressed also in the title of our paper The repetitiveness of the operation seemed to lend itself to mechanization and automation,2 and the stepwise strategy indee ...
Structural Insights into Kinase Inhibition Ramesh Sistla
... • Kinases are enzymes catalyze phosphorylation ...
... • Kinases are enzymes catalyze phosphorylation ...
Fatty acid oxidation and the P-oxidation complex in
... Incubations of mycobacteria with radioisotopically labelled substrates. Mycobacteria, as washed suspensions, were incubated in a buffer including 0.05% Tween 80 which did not support growth, and 1-I4Clabelled fatty acid, as described for palmitic acid by Wheeler & Ratledge (1988) except that 5 nmol ...
... Incubations of mycobacteria with radioisotopically labelled substrates. Mycobacteria, as washed suspensions, were incubated in a buffer including 0.05% Tween 80 which did not support growth, and 1-I4Clabelled fatty acid, as described for palmitic acid by Wheeler & Ratledge (1988) except that 5 nmol ...
The colorimetric estimation of inorganic phosphate
... The measurement of inorganic phosphate must be one of the comments determinations carried out in a biochemistry lab. It is certainly surprising how frequently such a measurement is required, and the production of a standard curve is a useful exercise for checking the validity of Beer’s Law. ...
... The measurement of inorganic phosphate must be one of the comments determinations carried out in a biochemistry lab. It is certainly surprising how frequently such a measurement is required, and the production of a standard curve is a useful exercise for checking the validity of Beer’s Law. ...
Patterns of nucleotide and amino acid substitution
... are those at which any of the four nucleotides can be present in a codon for a single amino acid. In some cases there is redundancy in the first codon position, e.g, both AGA and CGA are codons for arginine. Thus, many nucleotide substitutions at third positions do not lead to amino acid substitutio ...
... are those at which any of the four nucleotides can be present in a codon for a single amino acid. In some cases there is redundancy in the first codon position, e.g, both AGA and CGA are codons for arginine. Thus, many nucleotide substitutions at third positions do not lead to amino acid substitutio ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.