Question paper - Unit A173/02 - Module C7 - Higher tier
... Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment materi ...
... Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series. If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment materi ...
Amino acids and peptide bonds
... Less Common Amino Acids Here are some amino acids that are found in proteins, but are comparatively rare. They are not synthesized by ribosomal processes; most typically arise from post-translational modifications to the protein, which are catalyzed by specific enzymes. Common post-translational mo ...
... Less Common Amino Acids Here are some amino acids that are found in proteins, but are comparatively rare. They are not synthesized by ribosomal processes; most typically arise from post-translational modifications to the protein, which are catalyzed by specific enzymes. Common post-translational mo ...
Chapter 15 Acids and Bases
... the H+ from the acid combines with the OH- from the base to make a molecule of H2O it is often helpful to think of H2O as H-OH the cation from the base combines with the anion from the acid to make a salt acid + base → salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)+Na+(aq)+ ...
... the H+ from the acid combines with the OH- from the base to make a molecule of H2O it is often helpful to think of H2O as H-OH the cation from the base combines with the anion from the acid to make a salt acid + base → salt + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)+Na+(aq)+ ...
Trans-Tonoplast Transport of the Sulfur Containing
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
Biology Ch08
... Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy in the cytoplasm ...
... Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and a small amount of energy in the cytoplasm ...
Metabolic flux rewiring in mammalian cell cultures
... cell growth, which involves rapid conversion of glucose to lactate even in the presence of abundant oxygen [1] (Figure 1a). However, glycolysis provides only 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose consumed, whereas mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can provide up to 36 moles of ATP from t ...
... cell growth, which involves rapid conversion of glucose to lactate even in the presence of abundant oxygen [1] (Figure 1a). However, glycolysis provides only 2 moles of ATP per mole of glucose consumed, whereas mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can provide up to 36 moles of ATP from t ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... 6. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are required for fatty acid synthesis. ...
... 6. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are required for fatty acid synthesis. ...
Time course of differential mitochondrial energy metabolism
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
... right ventricle (RV) due to pulmonary hypertension that requires additional energy to overcome this increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. In the heart, mitochondria provide, through oxidative phosphorylation, more than 95% of the energy supply in the form of ATP. In the course of oxidative phos ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
... 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
Monday 10-1 Lecture 1 Q: Thanks for podcasting How can one not
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
... Although there there might be “tricky” ways to make it difficult for people to recognize a structure (like adding an extra –CH2- to the lysine (K) chain, or making proline with a four membered ring), I can promise you I will NEVER do such things. I am not about TRICKY test questions. Hate that. But ...
ch_25_lecture_presentation
... • The function of the citric acid cycle is: • To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes • In the mitochondrion • Pyruvic acid reacts with NAD and coenzyme A (CoA) • Producing 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA ...
... • The function of the citric acid cycle is: • To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes • In the mitochondrion • Pyruvic acid reacts with NAD and coenzyme A (CoA) • Producing 1 CO2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA ...
Topic guide 1.1: Amino acids and proteins
... internal transfer takes place of a hydrogen ion from the –COOH group to the –NH2 group, to leave an ion with both a negative charge and a positive charge. This ion is called a zwitterion. Although it is a neutral molecule with no overall electrical charge, it contains distinct parts that are positiv ...
... internal transfer takes place of a hydrogen ion from the –COOH group to the –NH2 group, to leave an ion with both a negative charge and a positive charge. This ion is called a zwitterion. Although it is a neutral molecule with no overall electrical charge, it contains distinct parts that are positiv ...
The Nitrogen Cycle_article alternate assignment
... Ammonification - This is part of the decaying process. When a plant or animal dies, decomposers like fungi and bacteria turn the nitrogen back into ammonium so it can reenter the nitrogen cycle. Denitrification - Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. There are special bacteria ...
... Ammonification - This is part of the decaying process. When a plant or animal dies, decomposers like fungi and bacteria turn the nitrogen back into ammonium so it can reenter the nitrogen cycle. Denitrification - Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. There are special bacteria ...
Increasing photosynthetic carbon assimilation in C3 plants to
... This was unexpected, as it was thought that enzymes that were highly regulated would be most important in determining the rate of carbon flow through the cycle. ...
... This was unexpected, as it was thought that enzymes that were highly regulated would be most important in determining the rate of carbon flow through the cycle. ...
Computational protein design enables a novel one
... activate formate to formyl-CoA, reducing the thermodynamic barrier for the reduction to FALD by NADH (Fig. 1D). No enzymes are known to carry out this reaction, but acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) carries out a similar reaction with a related compound, acetate (Fig. 1B), and the differences between format ...
... activate formate to formyl-CoA, reducing the thermodynamic barrier for the reduction to FALD by NADH (Fig. 1D). No enzymes are known to carry out this reaction, but acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS) carries out a similar reaction with a related compound, acetate (Fig. 1B), and the differences between format ...
The Effect of Protein Loads on Plasma Amino Acid Levels
... (Felig, 1973). The branched-chain amino acids are deaminated more slowly than other amino acids in the liver, and normally depend on the extrahepatic tissues for their metabolism (Miller, 1962; Ning, Lowenstein & Davidson, 1967; Felig, 1973). This explains the finding that they show the most sustain ...
... (Felig, 1973). The branched-chain amino acids are deaminated more slowly than other amino acids in the liver, and normally depend on the extrahepatic tissues for their metabolism (Miller, 1962; Ning, Lowenstein & Davidson, 1967; Felig, 1973). This explains the finding that they show the most sustain ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The role of yeast NAD+
... geness encoding the two subunits of the enzyme, thus identifying p40 as Idh and showingg that both activities are dependent on the simultaneous presence of both subunits. . Idhh is thus a new member of a still growing family of enzymes with an additional RNA-bindingg property. This family is outline ...
... geness encoding the two subunits of the enzyme, thus identifying p40 as Idh and showingg that both activities are dependent on the simultaneous presence of both subunits. . Idhh is thus a new member of a still growing family of enzymes with an additional RNA-bindingg property. This family is outline ...
Metabolic diseases
... Tyrosine is an amino acid which is found in most animal and plant proteins. The metabolism of tyrosine in humans takes p l a c e p r i m a r i l y i n t h e l i v e r. Tyrosinemia is caused by an absence of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) which is essential in the metabolism of tyrosi ...
... Tyrosine is an amino acid which is found in most animal and plant proteins. The metabolism of tyrosine in humans takes p l a c e p r i m a r i l y i n t h e l i v e r. Tyrosinemia is caused by an absence of the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) which is essential in the metabolism of tyrosi ...
A. Primary structure: - B. Secondary structure: -
... The forces that stabilize the aggregation in structure are hydrogen bonds & electrostatic interaction formed between residues on the surfaces of the polypeptide chains. During denaturation of protein by reagent like urea (detergent) or sodium dodocyl sulphate (SDS), the hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, e ...
... The forces that stabilize the aggregation in structure are hydrogen bonds & electrostatic interaction formed between residues on the surfaces of the polypeptide chains. During denaturation of protein by reagent like urea (detergent) or sodium dodocyl sulphate (SDS), the hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, e ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.