Biochemistry for the Radiation Biologist
... Fatty acids are broken off of triacylglycerol (common name: triglycerides) Resulting fatty acids are oxidized, 2C at a time Final products: acetyl CoA and considerable ATP Lipids are more than twice as efficient energy sources than saccharides or proteins ...
... Fatty acids are broken off of triacylglycerol (common name: triglycerides) Resulting fatty acids are oxidized, 2C at a time Final products: acetyl CoA and considerable ATP Lipids are more than twice as efficient energy sources than saccharides or proteins ...
Stored Triglycerides (Fat)
... The water-soluble glycerol molecule formed from lipolysis can diffuse from the adipocytes into the circulation. The liver can use the glycerol in the circulation to form glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycerol is accepted as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, which degrades to pyruvate to be oxidized for AT ...
... The water-soluble glycerol molecule formed from lipolysis can diffuse from the adipocytes into the circulation. The liver can use the glycerol in the circulation to form glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glycerol is accepted as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde, which degrades to pyruvate to be oxidized for AT ...
GeneCensus - Gerstein Lab Publications
... mode consists of a minimal set of enzymes that could operate at steady state with all irreversible reactions proceeding in the appropriate direction and further reduced to omit extraneous metabolites not necessary for the net reaction (25). One should note that there is more than one elementary mode ...
... mode consists of a minimal set of enzymes that could operate at steady state with all irreversible reactions proceeding in the appropriate direction and further reduced to omit extraneous metabolites not necessary for the net reaction (25). One should note that there is more than one elementary mode ...
Glycosaminoglycans and Ocular Structures
... low pH and a host of about 30 degradative enzymes will convert them to simpler molecules that can be reused. Problems arise, however, when for a genetic or other reason some of the degradative enzymes are either missing or nonfunctional. This has also been seen, for example in metabolism in the case ...
... low pH and a host of about 30 degradative enzymes will convert them to simpler molecules that can be reused. Problems arise, however, when for a genetic or other reason some of the degradative enzymes are either missing or nonfunctional. This has also been seen, for example in metabolism in the case ...
COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL
... essential to an understanding of human metabolism. For example, one might expect that a fasted individual would show a fall in all essential nutrient levels in the plasma pool. In many instances this is not the case initially because of the existence of storage pools, such as liver stores of iron or ...
... essential to an understanding of human metabolism. For example, one might expect that a fasted individual would show a fall in all essential nutrient levels in the plasma pool. In many instances this is not the case initially because of the existence of storage pools, such as liver stores of iron or ...
- Cypress HS
... once the point of equilibrium has been reached. You will determine the equilibrium constant for an esterification reaction. Early in the study of chemical reactions, it was noted that many chemical reactions do not produce as much product as might be expected, based on the amounts of reactants taken ...
... once the point of equilibrium has been reached. You will determine the equilibrium constant for an esterification reaction. Early in the study of chemical reactions, it was noted that many chemical reactions do not produce as much product as might be expected, based on the amounts of reactants taken ...
Test 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 – Introduction
... 1. 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs produced in 5 steps. Remember, these totals reflect doubling of reactions because of 2C3 molecules. 2. These ATPs are made by substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of phosphate by intermediate). e. Acetyl-CoA formation i. Yields 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate) ii. Pyruvate + ...
... 1. 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs produced in 5 steps. Remember, these totals reflect doubling of reactions because of 2C3 molecules. 2. These ATPs are made by substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of phosphate by intermediate). e. Acetyl-CoA formation i. Yields 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate) ii. Pyruvate + ...
Structure
... supplies of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) are quickly utilized and energy must be derived from glycolytic or oxidative pathways. A drop in the ATP: ADP + Pi ratio activates glycolysis, and ATP for contraction will then be provided by the metabolism of glycogen to pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted to ...
... supplies of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) are quickly utilized and energy must be derived from glycolytic or oxidative pathways. A drop in the ATP: ADP + Pi ratio activates glycolysis, and ATP for contraction will then be provided by the metabolism of glycogen to pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted to ...
Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics
... displacements in the reaction centre complex. Indications that this is the case were obtained by several indirect methods. The final proof of the electrogenic character of the partial electron transfer reactions in the reaction centre complex was obtained in our group when photoelectrogenesis was me ...
... displacements in the reaction centre complex. Indications that this is the case were obtained by several indirect methods. The final proof of the electrogenic character of the partial electron transfer reactions in the reaction centre complex was obtained in our group when photoelectrogenesis was me ...
Test 1 Study Guide
... 1. 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs produced in 5 steps. Remember, these totals reflect doubling of reactions because of 2C3 molecules. 2. These ATPs are made by substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of phosphate by intermediate). e. Acetyl-CoA formation i. Yields 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate) ii. Pyruvate + ...
... 1. 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs produced in 5 steps. Remember, these totals reflect doubling of reactions because of 2C3 molecules. 2. These ATPs are made by substrate level phosphorylation (direct transfer of phosphate by intermediate). e. Acetyl-CoA formation i. Yields 2 NADH (1 per pyruvate) ii. Pyruvate + ...
enzyme
... Enzymes are divided into six main classes according to the type of reaction catalyzed. y They are assigned code numbers, prefixed by E.C., which contain four elements separated by points and have the following meaning: 1. the number first indicates to which of the six classes the enzyme belongs, 2. ...
... Enzymes are divided into six main classes according to the type of reaction catalyzed. y They are assigned code numbers, prefixed by E.C., which contain four elements separated by points and have the following meaning: 1. the number first indicates to which of the six classes the enzyme belongs, 2. ...
Formation of Benzoic Acid and
... experiments on the formation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid from L-tyrosine in A. nidulans. As the exo genously supplied intermediate, which competes with the complex, is 3H-labelled and the substrate for the complex is 14C-labelled, a low ratio 3H /14C stands for a tightly coupled reaction. The respecti ...
... experiments on the formation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid from L-tyrosine in A. nidulans. As the exo genously supplied intermediate, which competes with the complex, is 3H-labelled and the substrate for the complex is 14C-labelled, a low ratio 3H /14C stands for a tightly coupled reaction. The respecti ...
Enzymes
... aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase alkaline phosphatase acid phosphatase α-amylase lipase creatine kinase cholinesterase lactate dehydrogenase ...
... aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase alkaline phosphatase acid phosphatase α-amylase lipase creatine kinase cholinesterase lactate dehydrogenase ...
Comparison of cell-wall teichoic acid with high-molecular
... (7 M KOH :methanol, 7 :3, v :v) in a water bath at 90°C for 1 h. Methanol was evaporated under N, and 0.8 ml of concentrated HC1 was added. To extract free fatty acids, petroleum ether was added and the top layer was removed; this process was repeated three times and these layers were mixed together ...
... (7 M KOH :methanol, 7 :3, v :v) in a water bath at 90°C for 1 h. Methanol was evaporated under N, and 0.8 ml of concentrated HC1 was added. To extract free fatty acids, petroleum ether was added and the top layer was removed; this process was repeated three times and these layers were mixed together ...
Ghorbaniaghdam (oral)
... murine cell lines [14], and of their recombinant derivative clones, allowed to clearly demonstrate that clones differing in their mAb productivities also differ in the abundance of proteins involved in cellular functions such as energetic metabolism, mAb folding/ assembly, and cytoskeletal organizat ...
... murine cell lines [14], and of their recombinant derivative clones, allowed to clearly demonstrate that clones differing in their mAb productivities also differ in the abundance of proteins involved in cellular functions such as energetic metabolism, mAb folding/ assembly, and cytoskeletal organizat ...
Transamination and Reductive Amination
... Enantiospecific reduction of C=N bonds is a promising route for the synthesis of Æ-amino acids and derivatives, such as amino alcohols or amines. The reduction can be achieved by enzymes following various mechanisms, e.g. by pyridoxal 5¢-phosphate (PLP) dependent transaminases (see Section 2.4.3) or ...
... Enantiospecific reduction of C=N bonds is a promising route for the synthesis of Æ-amino acids and derivatives, such as amino alcohols or amines. The reduction can be achieved by enzymes following various mechanisms, e.g. by pyridoxal 5¢-phosphate (PLP) dependent transaminases (see Section 2.4.3) or ...
Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer
... 1. Hydrolase: hydrolysis break chemical bonds by insertion of water molecule. 2. Isomerase: convert one isomer to another. 3. Ligase: bond two substrate molecules together 4. Lyase: catalyze the breakage of molecule 5. Transferase: transfer a specific group from one molecule to another. ...
... 1. Hydrolase: hydrolysis break chemical bonds by insertion of water molecule. 2. Isomerase: convert one isomer to another. 3. Ligase: bond two substrate molecules together 4. Lyase: catalyze the breakage of molecule 5. Transferase: transfer a specific group from one molecule to another. ...
Fermentative degradation of glycolic acid by defined syntrophic
... glycolate was possible only in coculture with either a homoacetogenic bacterium or a hydrogen-utilizing methanogenic bacterium; the overall fermentation balance was either 4 glycolate ~ 3 acetate + 2CO2, or 4 glycolate ~ 3 CH4 + 5 CO2. These transformations indicate that glycolate was converted by t ...
... glycolate was possible only in coculture with either a homoacetogenic bacterium or a hydrogen-utilizing methanogenic bacterium; the overall fermentation balance was either 4 glycolate ~ 3 acetate + 2CO2, or 4 glycolate ~ 3 CH4 + 5 CO2. These transformations indicate that glycolate was converted by t ...
Pauling Scale of Electronegativities for the Various Elements
... The driving force for metathesis reactions is the removal of ions from solution. Therefore, to predict the direction of a metathesis reaction one simply determines the degree of removal of ions from solution by the reactants and products. Prediction products is trivial: cations and anions merely exc ...
... The driving force for metathesis reactions is the removal of ions from solution. Therefore, to predict the direction of a metathesis reaction one simply determines the degree of removal of ions from solution by the reactants and products. Prediction products is trivial: cations and anions merely exc ...
Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.