The role of mitochondrial hexokinase II in ischemia - UvA-DARE
... a high specificity for glucose as substrate. This means that hexokinases are enzymes which phosphorylate glucose using ATP as the phosphoryl donor resulting in the product glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). This is the important first step of the glycolytic pathway as glucose is not able to diffuse out of ...
... a high specificity for glucose as substrate. This means that hexokinases are enzymes which phosphorylate glucose using ATP as the phosphoryl donor resulting in the product glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). This is the important first step of the glycolytic pathway as glucose is not able to diffuse out of ...
letters Structure of -lactam synthetase reveals how to
... between two negatively charged residues, Glu 382 and Asp 373. One CEA η-nitrogen is hydrogen bonded to the side chain of Glu 382, and both η-nitrogens are linked to the carbonyl oxygen of Asp 373 via a water molecule. The CEA Arg side chain is also held in position by the side chain of Tyr 326. The ...
... between two negatively charged residues, Glu 382 and Asp 373. One CEA η-nitrogen is hydrogen bonded to the side chain of Glu 382, and both η-nitrogens are linked to the carbonyl oxygen of Asp 373 via a water molecule. The CEA Arg side chain is also held in position by the side chain of Tyr 326. The ...
Determination of 17 AQC derivatized Amino acids in
... quality in regulatory purposes. Many analytical methods have already been proposed and ion-exchange chromatography has been the most common one.2 Amino acid analysis by reversed-phase HPLC is also a well established analytical technique used for quality or quantity control of industrial products as ...
... quality in regulatory purposes. Many analytical methods have already been proposed and ion-exchange chromatography has been the most common one.2 Amino acid analysis by reversed-phase HPLC is also a well established analytical technique used for quality or quantity control of industrial products as ...
College Accounting: A Practical Approach, Cdn
... conversion of preproinsulin to mature insulin? A) folding of proinsulin into a stable conformation B) transport of the molecule through the membranes C) cleavage of the peptide sequence that joins the A and B chains D) cleavage of the leader sequence E) posttranslational modification of specific pro ...
... conversion of preproinsulin to mature insulin? A) folding of proinsulin into a stable conformation B) transport of the molecule through the membranes C) cleavage of the peptide sequence that joins the A and B chains D) cleavage of the leader sequence E) posttranslational modification of specific pro ...
A Supramolecular Peptide Synthesizer
... after reaction with the activated amino acids. The condensation domain (C-domain) finally catalyzes the formation of the peptide, similar to the ribosome in RPS. Nevertheless, several differences between the two biosynthetic pathways are apparent. For instance, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are not r ...
... after reaction with the activated amino acids. The condensation domain (C-domain) finally catalyzes the formation of the peptide, similar to the ribosome in RPS. Nevertheless, several differences between the two biosynthetic pathways are apparent. For instance, nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are not r ...
Development of Biocatalysts for Production of Fine Chemicals
... work on a variety of substrates, they are used as Sumit- ...
... work on a variety of substrates, they are used as Sumit- ...
KINE 3350 TEST 2 2008
... glycolytic production of pyruvate and NADH exceeds the rate at which these products are shuttled into the mitochondria. True False 21. An accumulation of H+ in the blood will increase the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) measurement. True False 22. A respiratory exchange ratio value of 1.0 would ind ...
... glycolytic production of pyruvate and NADH exceeds the rate at which these products are shuttled into the mitochondria. True False 21. An accumulation of H+ in the blood will increase the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) measurement. True False 22. A respiratory exchange ratio value of 1.0 would ind ...
Molecular architecture of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
... in solution apparent in low-resolution structures of both E3 on its own (M. Smolle, D. Byron and J.G. Lindsay, unpublished work) as well as a complex formed between E3 and two molecules of E3BP-didomain (consisting of the LD and SBD; Figure 1C). Further contributing factors could be differences in b ...
... in solution apparent in low-resolution structures of both E3 on its own (M. Smolle, D. Byron and J.G. Lindsay, unpublished work) as well as a complex formed between E3 and two molecules of E3BP-didomain (consisting of the LD and SBD; Figure 1C). Further contributing factors could be differences in b ...
Document
... The photostability studies of Folic acid and Menadione Sodium Bisulfite, also known as vitamin K3, were carried out in their aqueous solutions at room temperature. Solutions of Folic acid ( 4.8 x 10-5 M) and Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (4.0 x 10-4 M) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a wavelen ...
... The photostability studies of Folic acid and Menadione Sodium Bisulfite, also known as vitamin K3, were carried out in their aqueous solutions at room temperature. Solutions of Folic acid ( 4.8 x 10-5 M) and Menadione Sodium Bisulfite (4.0 x 10-4 M) were exposed to ultraviolet radiation at a wavelen ...
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
... HMP shunt (PPP) is less active in skeletal muscle & non-lactating mammary glands Site:- ...
Alternative routes of acetyl-CoA synthesis identified
... sequences of the oleaginous microbes were distributed over several processes of the cells. Based on the 41 sequences categorized by metabolism, putative routes potentially involved in the generation of precursors for fatty acid and lipid synthesis, particularly acetyl-CoA, were then identified that ...
... sequences of the oleaginous microbes were distributed over several processes of the cells. Based on the 41 sequences categorized by metabolism, putative routes potentially involved in the generation of precursors for fatty acid and lipid synthesis, particularly acetyl-CoA, were then identified that ...
RBTopic3_7 Cellular Respiration - wfs
... 5. Anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid (lactate) in animals. Lactate causes muscle burn and soreness. 6. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate is broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. 7. Glycolysis may occur in both anaerobic and aerobic re ...
... 5. Anaerobic respiration results in lactic acid (lactate) in animals. Lactate causes muscle burn and soreness. 6. During aerobic respiration, pyruvate is broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. 7. Glycolysis may occur in both anaerobic and aerobic re ...
Integrative Physiology Cardiac-Specific Deletion of Acetyl CoA
... pathological cardiac hypertrophy will prevent metabolic remodeling and preserve myocardial energetics and function. The rate-limiting step of FAO is the import of long chain fatty acids (FA) across the mitochondrial membrane through carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1). This action is strongly i ...
... pathological cardiac hypertrophy will prevent metabolic remodeling and preserve myocardial energetics and function. The rate-limiting step of FAO is the import of long chain fatty acids (FA) across the mitochondrial membrane through carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT1). This action is strongly i ...
Section: 9.1 2) 2) The molec
... to answer the subsequent questions. If a figure is involved in the question, more often than not, you will be provided with a reference figure to assist you in answering the questions that follow. 9) 11) Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyru ...
... to answer the subsequent questions. If a figure is involved in the question, more often than not, you will be provided with a reference figure to assist you in answering the questions that follow. 9) 11) Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyru ...
CaoSpr10
... Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRSs) are class II synthetases that catalyze covalent attachment of proline to the 3´-end of the tRNAPro. ProRSs from all three kingdoms of life have shown to misactivate noncognate alanine and cysteine, and form mischarged aminoacyl-tRNAPro. The insertion domain (180 ami ...
... Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRSs) are class II synthetases that catalyze covalent attachment of proline to the 3´-end of the tRNAPro. ProRSs from all three kingdoms of life have shown to misactivate noncognate alanine and cysteine, and form mischarged aminoacyl-tRNAPro. The insertion domain (180 ami ...
Effect of peptide chain length on amino acid and
... seemed, at the time, that there could be a number of explanations for the differences (varying amino acid composition of the starter proteins, different peptide chain lengths and hydrolysis method used), direct comparisons of the data could not be made as the experimental conditions differed in some ...
... seemed, at the time, that there could be a number of explanations for the differences (varying amino acid composition of the starter proteins, different peptide chain lengths and hydrolysis method used), direct comparisons of the data could not be made as the experimental conditions differed in some ...
Belarus, National Final, 2008 (PDF 405K).
... e) Which solvent, water or benzene, would favor dimerization of acetic acid in solution? Give your reasoning. f) Ionization constants of most carboxylic acids in aqueous solutions are similar. Which of the two solvents, pyridine or propionic acid, would you use for titrating a mixture of HCOOH and C ...
... e) Which solvent, water or benzene, would favor dimerization of acetic acid in solution? Give your reasoning. f) Ionization constants of most carboxylic acids in aqueous solutions are similar. Which of the two solvents, pyridine or propionic acid, would you use for titrating a mixture of HCOOH and C ...
Amino Acid Requirements for Formation of the
... basal medium itself and a medium containing glutamic acid, leucine, methionine and histidine were examined from this point of view and it was found that the Qalanine values obtained a t 36 hr. were only about 20 % below those obtained after 12 hr. of incubation, when growth had only just reached the ...
... basal medium itself and a medium containing glutamic acid, leucine, methionine and histidine were examined from this point of view and it was found that the Qalanine values obtained a t 36 hr. were only about 20 % below those obtained after 12 hr. of incubation, when growth had only just reached the ...
A2 Biology Revision Tips
... therefore, transfer of energy is efficient. • Same point as above, but worth emphasising that little heat is generated, which would be a big problem for cells. • ATP is regenerated, therefore it doesn’t need to be stored and you don’t need much of it! • ATP is soluble • ATP is small and can pass in ...
... therefore, transfer of energy is efficient. • Same point as above, but worth emphasising that little heat is generated, which would be a big problem for cells. • ATP is regenerated, therefore it doesn’t need to be stored and you don’t need much of it! • ATP is soluble • ATP is small and can pass in ...
Bio301 final exam 2005 with model answers
... (a) List the four growth constants of microbes that allow the prediction of their growth. (b) Give suitable units of the growth constants. (c) Explain for each growth constant, whether a higher value or a lower value would prove a competitive advantage against a competing organisms and why. The four ...
... (a) List the four growth constants of microbes that allow the prediction of their growth. (b) Give suitable units of the growth constants. (c) Explain for each growth constant, whether a higher value or a lower value would prove a competitive advantage against a competing organisms and why. The four ...
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins Dr AN Boa Section 1
... Draw the structure of peptide Lys.Lys(ε→α)Asp and devise a synthesis for it starting from suitably protected amino acids. Note: (ε→α) here is to indicate that the side chain amine of the middle lysine is linked to the α-acid of the aspartic acid. ...
... Draw the structure of peptide Lys.Lys(ε→α)Asp and devise a synthesis for it starting from suitably protected amino acids. Note: (ε→α) here is to indicate that the side chain amine of the middle lysine is linked to the α-acid of the aspartic acid. ...
Probing the Performance Limits of the Escherichia
... Escherichia coli Stoichiometric Models Microbial stoichiometric models incorporate collections of reactions known to occur in the studied species for simulating metabolism. The complete sequencing of the E. coli genome (Blattner et al., 1997) makes it a model organism for the study presented in this ...
... Escherichia coli Stoichiometric Models Microbial stoichiometric models incorporate collections of reactions known to occur in the studied species for simulating metabolism. The complete sequencing of the E. coli genome (Blattner et al., 1997) makes it a model organism for the study presented in this ...
Project One: Identification of unknown mutants in the... Overview Neurospora crassa
... Neurospora cannot synthesize—biotin. The solid VM is sterilized using the autoclave which results in greatly increased temperatures and pressures and kills even the highly resistant endospores of bacteria. After medium is prepared, you will inoculate the sterile medium with each of the strains for e ...
... Neurospora cannot synthesize—biotin. The solid VM is sterilized using the autoclave which results in greatly increased temperatures and pressures and kills even the highly resistant endospores of bacteria. After medium is prepared, you will inoculate the sterile medium with each of the strains for e ...
Rapid increase of cytosolic content of acetyl-CoA
... malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and CO2 which is the ratelimiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis (Wakil et al., 1983; Numa and Tanabe, 1984). Malonyl-CoA serves as a precursor of fatty acid biosynthesis and an intermediate of fatty acid elongation, but it also acts as an allosteric inhibitor of carniti ...
... malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and CO2 which is the ratelimiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis (Wakil et al., 1983; Numa and Tanabe, 1984). Malonyl-CoA serves as a precursor of fatty acid biosynthesis and an intermediate of fatty acid elongation, but it also acts as an allosteric inhibitor of carniti ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.