Metabolism of Members of the Spiroplasmataceae
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
... Cell-free extracts from 10 strains of Spiroplasma species were examined for 67 enzyme activities of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, pentose phosphate shunt, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and purine and pyrimidine pathways. The spiroplasmas were fermentative, possessing enzyme activities that convert ...
Module 2 General principles of metabolism. Мetabolism of carbohy
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
... E. * All reactions produce some heat. 17. Active holoenzymes are formed from ____________ in the presence of _________. A. Cofactors; proteins B. Proteins; cofactors C. * Apoenzymes; cofactors D. Apoenzymes; proteins E. Apoenzymes; inactive holoenzymes 18. An allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme usual ...
Protein synthesis: Twenty three amino acids and
... has been known for many years that chinks can be found in the cell’s armor. For instance, the leucine analog 5′,5′,5′-trifluoroleucine was shown to be charged onto tRNA and incorporated into proteins by Escherichia coli [7], while Bacillus subtilis growth could be made dependent on the tryptophan an ...
... has been known for many years that chinks can be found in the cell’s armor. For instance, the leucine analog 5′,5′,5′-trifluoroleucine was shown to be charged onto tRNA and incorporated into proteins by Escherichia coli [7], while Bacillus subtilis growth could be made dependent on the tryptophan an ...
DISEASES OF LIPID METABOLISM
... Presumably, other peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle have a similar binding protein. 2. FA Activation a. Hepatic degradation of fatty acids requires that they be Aactivated@ as acyl~SCoA. This reaction is catalyzed by Acyl~CoA synthetase. ...
... Presumably, other peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle have a similar binding protein. 2. FA Activation a. Hepatic degradation of fatty acids requires that they be Aactivated@ as acyl~SCoA. This reaction is catalyzed by Acyl~CoA synthetase. ...
A Plausible Simultaneous Synthesis of Amino Acids and Simple
... original 1958 cyanamide samples. These findings help corroborate the results obtained from the archived samples in suggesting that cyanamide can induce peptide formation under such a mimicked primitive Earth environment (the experimental and analytical details of this work are provided in the Suppor ...
... original 1958 cyanamide samples. These findings help corroborate the results obtained from the archived samples in suggesting that cyanamide can induce peptide formation under such a mimicked primitive Earth environment (the experimental and analytical details of this work are provided in the Suppor ...
Acetyl CoA
... I. Storage of metabolic fuel Glycerides act as an energy store in biological systems; they can be broken down into their fatty acid constituents which can subsequently undergoes a process termed as b-oxidation. In b-oxidation, the fatty acid is broken down, two carbon atoms at a time, into acetyl co ...
... I. Storage of metabolic fuel Glycerides act as an energy store in biological systems; they can be broken down into their fatty acid constituents which can subsequently undergoes a process termed as b-oxidation. In b-oxidation, the fatty acid is broken down, two carbon atoms at a time, into acetyl co ...
introduction to metabolism -- questions -
... b) Living organisms are totally isolated systems which are not subjected to the laws of physics. c) Photons of light function as an ultimate source of energy for most forms of life on Earth. d) Living organisms are unique in that they do not require energy for survival. e) Organisms are able to func ...
... b) Living organisms are totally isolated systems which are not subjected to the laws of physics. c) Photons of light function as an ultimate source of energy for most forms of life on Earth. d) Living organisms are unique in that they do not require energy for survival. e) Organisms are able to func ...
Lactic Acid in Muscle and its Effects on meat Quality(3)
... physical stress activate phosphorylase that is able to cleave glucosyl units from a glycogen molecule at an enormous speed. The reaction cascade is explicitly described in every textbook of biochemistry and therefore, will not be presented here. This reaction sequence is under hormonal and allosteri ...
... physical stress activate phosphorylase that is able to cleave glucosyl units from a glycogen molecule at an enormous speed. The reaction cascade is explicitly described in every textbook of biochemistry and therefore, will not be presented here. This reaction sequence is under hormonal and allosteri ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... Fates of Pyruvate With the exception of some interesting variations in the bacterial realm, the pyruvate formed by glycolysis is further metabolized via one of three catabolic routes. In aerobic organisms or tissues, under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is only the first stage in the complete degrad ...
... Fates of Pyruvate With the exception of some interesting variations in the bacterial realm, the pyruvate formed by glycolysis is further metabolized via one of three catabolic routes. In aerobic organisms or tissues, under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is only the first stage in the complete degrad ...
16 E. Folic Acid 1. Chemistry coenzyme DHFA DHFA reductase
... Other—a dimmer (P-S-P) called pantethine is used in Europe as a drug to lower cholesterol. It is available in the USA as a dietary supplement. Seems safe and has mild effects in decreasing total cholesterol. ...
... Other—a dimmer (P-S-P) called pantethine is used in Europe as a drug to lower cholesterol. It is available in the USA as a dietary supplement. Seems safe and has mild effects in decreasing total cholesterol. ...
NIH Public Access - University of Utah Health Care
... genetic studies of three families with children suffering from lactic acidosis and hyperpyruvatemia revealed a causal locus that mapped to MPC1, changing single amino acids that are conserved throughout eukaryotes. These data demonstrate that Mpc1 and Mpc2 form an essential part of the mitochondrial ...
... genetic studies of three families with children suffering from lactic acidosis and hyperpyruvatemia revealed a causal locus that mapped to MPC1, changing single amino acids that are conserved throughout eukaryotes. These data demonstrate that Mpc1 and Mpc2 form an essential part of the mitochondrial ...
uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by
... acid, [3H]thymidine incorporation and the endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression was examined. Antioxidants pretreatment on uric acid-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation were performed to elucidate the redox-sensitive pathway in proliferation and ET-1 gene expression. Cr ...
... acid, [3H]thymidine incorporation and the endothelin-1 (ET-1) gene expression was examined. Antioxidants pretreatment on uric acid-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation were performed to elucidate the redox-sensitive pathway in proliferation and ET-1 gene expression. Cr ...
Module 12 Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins Lecture 32 Amino
... Amino acid has a carboxyl group and amino group, and each group can exist in an acidic or basic form, depending on the pH of the solution in that the amino acid is dissolved. In addition, some amino acids, such as glutamate, also contain ionizable side chain. The pKa values of the carboxyl group and ...
... Amino acid has a carboxyl group and amino group, and each group can exist in an acidic or basic form, depending on the pH of the solution in that the amino acid is dissolved. In addition, some amino acids, such as glutamate, also contain ionizable side chain. The pKa values of the carboxyl group and ...
Document
... interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is essential for continuing glycolysis following splitting of six carbon sugars into two three carbon sugars by fructose diphosphate aldolase ...
... interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which is essential for continuing glycolysis following splitting of six carbon sugars into two three carbon sugars by fructose diphosphate aldolase ...
British Journal of Dairy Sciences 3(2): 9-13, 2013
... The results from this study showed that the amino acid contents of the fermented milk samples varied comparatively. It was also observed that the fermented milk samples contained the essential amino acids tested. From the experimental results, it can be seen that glutamic and aspartic acids were the ...
... The results from this study showed that the amino acid contents of the fermented milk samples varied comparatively. It was also observed that the fermented milk samples contained the essential amino acids tested. From the experimental results, it can be seen that glutamic and aspartic acids were the ...
Chapter 3: Amino Acids and Peptides
... Amino Acids q Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds – amino acids are the building blocks of proteins q There are 20 standard amino acids. Asparagine was first found in 1806 and the last amino acid discovered (Threonine) was in 1938 (over 130 years ...
... Amino Acids q Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids connected by peptide bonds – amino acids are the building blocks of proteins q There are 20 standard amino acids. Asparagine was first found in 1806 and the last amino acid discovered (Threonine) was in 1938 (over 130 years ...
29
... to 8 week period because it generally takes this long for the person to reestablish normal red cell levels. The stored cells are re reinfused 1 to 7 days before an endurance event. As a result, the red cell count and haemoglobin level of the blood is often elevated some 8 to 20%. This hemoconcentrat ...
... to 8 week period because it generally takes this long for the person to reestablish normal red cell levels. The stored cells are re reinfused 1 to 7 days before an endurance event. As a result, the red cell count and haemoglobin level of the blood is often elevated some 8 to 20%. This hemoconcentrat ...
Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 in Regulation of Blood
... conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by decreased PDC activity induced by the PDKs in peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscle, heart, and liver, conserves three carbon compounds (pyruvate, lactate, and alanine) that are used by the liver to make glucose. Inactivation of the PDC in the liver b ...
... conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by decreased PDC activity induced by the PDKs in peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscle, heart, and liver, conserves three carbon compounds (pyruvate, lactate, and alanine) that are used by the liver to make glucose. Inactivation of the PDC in the liver b ...
HUMAN BIOCHEMISTRY
... These tissues all produce tough collagen fibres in the spaces between their cells. Collagen accounts for 40% of the protein in the human body. Hair and nails consist almost entirely of polypeptides coiled into -helices. (5) Transport: Some proteins transport other substances through the body. ...
... These tissues all produce tough collagen fibres in the spaces between their cells. Collagen accounts for 40% of the protein in the human body. Hair and nails consist almost entirely of polypeptides coiled into -helices. (5) Transport: Some proteins transport other substances through the body. ...
PPT - Chris Anthony
... The peroxide is removed by catalase. No useable energy from this reaction. Its prosthetic group is probably TPQ as in other copper-containing amine oxidases. ...
... The peroxide is removed by catalase. No useable energy from this reaction. Its prosthetic group is probably TPQ as in other copper-containing amine oxidases. ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a good nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl of thioester of acetyl-S-KSase to form acetoacetyl ACP. The exergonic decarboxylation reaction drives the condensation reaction. The CO2 group added to acetyl Co ...
... ACP condensing enzyme. The decarboxylation of malonyl ACP generates an enolate anion which is a good nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl of thioester of acetyl-S-KSase to form acetoacetyl ACP. The exergonic decarboxylation reaction drives the condensation reaction. The CO2 group added to acetyl Co ...
Experiment 1 Comparison between Enzymes and non
... The substrate sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, where as the products formed are both reducing sugar. Therefore the reaction can be followed by the estimation of the quantity of reducing sugar formed. Between the several methods which can be used for such estimation, Benedict quantitative method was ...
... The substrate sucrose is a non-reducing sugar, where as the products formed are both reducing sugar. Therefore the reaction can be followed by the estimation of the quantity of reducing sugar formed. Between the several methods which can be used for such estimation, Benedict quantitative method was ...
Enzymes Lab
... 5- Prewarm starch solution in the water bath for 5min at 38C˚. 6- Add 5ml of starch solution to each of the three test tubes; stir the content with glass rode. 7- Record the time of addition of starch and at the end of each minute remove two drops reaction mixture using a test pipette, and add to on ...
... 5- Prewarm starch solution in the water bath for 5min at 38C˚. 6- Add 5ml of starch solution to each of the three test tubes; stir the content with glass rode. 7- Record the time of addition of starch and at the end of each minute remove two drops reaction mixture using a test pipette, and add to on ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.