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... differentiation of ovarian granulosa cells in numerous mammalian species. EGF also stimulates the resumption of meiosis in oocytes that is necessary for complete maturation of the oocytes in preparation for fertilization. Inappropriately high levels of EGF or stimulation of EGF receptors is also com ...
TRAF3 enhances TCR signaling by regulating the inhibitors Csk and
TRAF3 enhances TCR signaling by regulating the inhibitors Csk and

... cell lysates to detect tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and actin. Data from at least 3 independent ...
Factor Xa (Bovine) - Thermo Fisher Scientific
Factor Xa (Bovine) - Thermo Fisher Scientific

... Thermo Scientific Factor Xa is an endoprotease formed by the activation of Factor X. The active site of Factor Xa is similar to the active site of trypsin.1 Factor Xa activity converts prothrombin to thrombin, a protein essential to blood-clotting. Factor Xa will cleave any peptide bond preceded by ...
PowerPoint 簡報
PowerPoint 簡報

... of it is associated with actively transcribed genes. When lysine 9 is unmodified, it is associated with silenced regions. This lysine can be methylated then binds proteins that establish and maintain a heterochromatic state. ...
Acid/Bases Review
Acid/Bases Review

... The fatty acids are chains of carbon joined to each other • If at least 2 carbons are joined together with a double bond – they are called “unsaturated”  They are unsaturated because they do not have the most hydrogen atoms bonded to their carbons  Unsaturated fats are healthier fats because their ...
Proteins and Nucleic Acids (PowerPoint)
Proteins and Nucleic Acids (PowerPoint)

... All living things have chromosomes inside the nuclei of their cells, the Chromosomes are made of DNA. The number and sequence of amino acids in a protein chain, determines the unique characteristics of that particular protein. The sequence of the nucleotides (or in other words the nucleotides’ bases ...
Information Retrieval Performance and Method
Information Retrieval Performance and Method

... articles later. Here, we particularly withhold the urge of expediently retrieving PubMed abstracts using a conventional query term such as “Alzheimer”. Instead, we built a PubMed query with 560 AD-relevant proteins and their synonyms to retrieve abstracts, without the explicit context of “Alzheimer” ...
MS Word  - VCU Secrets of the Sequence
MS Word - VCU Secrets of the Sequence

... unique property of biofluorescence. In biofluorescence, available light is absorbed and converted into light of another wavelength, producing a different colored light. In the case of GFP, photons of light in the blue wavelength are converted into photons in the green wavelength. By attaching the ge ...
A History of Computing
A History of Computing

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Signal sequence

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HLA - KNMP
HLA - KNMP

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Bioinformatics Tools
Bioinformatics Tools

... transcribed into messenger RNA. • Transcriptome can be extended to include all transcribed elements, including non-coding RNAs used for structural and regulatory purposes. ...
application summary - Environmental Protection Authority
application summary - Environmental Protection Authority

... any event purified genes, copied by bacteria or PCR techniques, will be used for transfections and preparations will contain no protein as possible sources of TSE infection. In general, such elements of viruses as structural, non-structural, or polymerase will not be used in the proposed experiment. ...
The Three Major Parts of the Cell
The Three Major Parts of the Cell

... • Because the tail is afraid of H2O and there is H2O surrounding your cells…. • Extracellular fluid outside each cell and • The cytoplasm (made of water and various molecules) in each cell • How do the phospholipid molecules line up? ...
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... to a large extent by this method and specific ones identified by various biochemical and immunological tests. Moreover, changes in the levels of proteins in response to an environment signal can be monitored in much the same way as a microarray analysis is performed. Microarrays only detect untransl ...
The EMBO Journal
The EMBO Journal

... plasmidless parental strain (lane e). This mol. wt. is in good agreement with the expected mol. wt. of the hybrid gene product, i.e., an apparent mol. wt. of 40 000 for the complete PhoE protein plus a calculated mol. wt. of 18 028 for the amino-terminal fragment of the mature 3-lactamase up to the ...
sanguinetti
sanguinetti

... • Efficiency and flexibility of GPs make them ideal for inference of regulatory networks. • Include biologically relevant features such as transcriptional delays. • Extend to more than one TF, accounting for ...
Write-up - UBC Blogs
Write-up - UBC Blogs

... with a red chromophore. Thus, the observation of red fluorescence was a positive test result (Chen et al., 1997). This method was also used to show if a fetus expressed the mutation for cystic fibrosis during development. ii) Visualization of Receptor Interactions with GFP-Based FRET: ● FRET can be ...
Gene Section SDHC  (succinate  dehydrogenase  complex  II,
Gene Section SDHC (succinate dehydrogenase complex II,

... Germline mutations cause hereditary paraganglioma. At this time, a unique mutation which destroyed the initial site of traduction (ATG, start codon) of SDHC gene has been reported in a family with a hereditary paraganglioma. ...
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bio4751Ch15-Part2W

... E. Examples of hormone-induced cell responses mediated by cAMP F. Some examples of phospholipase C-b cell responses- ...
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Gene Section PEG10 (paternally expressed 10) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... self-protecting mechanism from down-regulation. Furthermore, it was reported that increased PEG10 expression is subjected to hormonal regulation by the male hormon androgen (Jie et al., 2007). In this study, three androgen receptor binding sites (ARE) were identified for PEG10. Two sites were report ...
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... • Carrier proteins assist molecules across the cell membrane. This process is called carrier mediated transport. The makeup of the amino acid chains in the protein determines the size and shape of the carrier protein. This, in turn, determines what molecule can be received by the carrier protein to ...
What do Prions, Viruses and Viroids reveal about the formation of
What do Prions, Viruses and Viroids reveal about the formation of

... What do Prions, Viruses and Viroids reveal about the formation of life on earth ?. A. Steele1 and G.W. Huntress2, 1 Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington,DC, 20912 ([email protected]), 2 Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanf ...
Ch - Fairview High School
Ch - Fairview High School

... Function in cells – Fat – made from glycerol and fatty acids Example: Triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids: Saturated fatty acid – contains ____ C-C double bonds; contains as many bonds to _______ atoms as possible. Saturated fats pack together very tightly; at room temperature they are typi ...
exBI6102 Introductory Bioinformatics
exBI6102 Introductory Bioinformatics

... BI 6102 Introductory Bioinformatics (Y1S1) (39 hrs) ...
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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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