B. Sc. (Hons) Biotechnology - Agricultural University Peshawar
... The biosynthesis of fatty acids (Lipogenesis), its importance, inhibition and regulation, microsomal system of fatty acid elonation; Fatty acid oxidation, Alpa, beta and omea-oxidation of fatty acid, its importance and regulation; Ketone bodies formation, excretion and their utilization by the body; ...
... The biosynthesis of fatty acids (Lipogenesis), its importance, inhibition and regulation, microsomal system of fatty acid elonation; Fatty acid oxidation, Alpa, beta and omea-oxidation of fatty acid, its importance and regulation; Ketone bodies formation, excretion and their utilization by the body; ...
Forward to the special issue on Hox/Tale transcription factors in
... highly conserved HOX and TALE transcription factors. HOX and TALE factors occupy a central position in several areas of biomedical research. They are important in the developmental patterning of numerous organ systems and serve as key models for the study of numerous developmental processes, transcr ...
... highly conserved HOX and TALE transcription factors. HOX and TALE factors occupy a central position in several areas of biomedical research. They are important in the developmental patterning of numerous organ systems and serve as key models for the study of numerous developmental processes, transcr ...
Tying rings for sex
... the molecular mass increases by 18 daltons when the first peptide bond is hydrolyzed – consistent with the formal addition of one water molecule. Sensitive mass measurements of pilins from entire cells in the IAA matrix allowed us to investigate a variety of IncP pilin mutations reliably without the ...
... the molecular mass increases by 18 daltons when the first peptide bond is hydrolyzed – consistent with the formal addition of one water molecule. Sensitive mass measurements of pilins from entire cells in the IAA matrix allowed us to investigate a variety of IncP pilin mutations reliably without the ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
... The human immunodeficiency virus is the causal agent of AIDS. AIDS morbidity and mortality have led to efforts to identify effective inhibitors of the replication of this virus.Integration of retroviruses like the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) & Human Immunodeficency virus-II (HIV-II) estab ...
... The human immunodeficiency virus is the causal agent of AIDS. AIDS morbidity and mortality have led to efforts to identify effective inhibitors of the replication of this virus.Integration of retroviruses like the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) & Human Immunodeficency virus-II (HIV-II) estab ...
the molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants
... mature individuals of C. plantagineum, changes rapidly occur at the mRNA and protein levels (8), eventually leading to the tolerant state. A particular advantage of these plants in studies at the molecular level is that desiccation tolerance can be investigated in both whole plants and undifferentia ...
... mature individuals of C. plantagineum, changes rapidly occur at the mRNA and protein levels (8), eventually leading to the tolerant state. A particular advantage of these plants in studies at the molecular level is that desiccation tolerance can be investigated in both whole plants and undifferentia ...
Coatomer Is Essential for Retrieval of Dilysine
... these mutants by monitoring intracellular transport of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). During transit through the secrelory pathway, CPY is converted from the ER precursor form (pl) to the Golgi-modified form (~2) and vacuolar form (m). In sec27-7 and sec27-7 cells, it has previously been reported that CP ...
... these mutants by monitoring intracellular transport of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). During transit through the secrelory pathway, CPY is converted from the ER precursor form (pl) to the Golgi-modified form (~2) and vacuolar form (m). In sec27-7 and sec27-7 cells, it has previously been reported that CP ...
when glucose is scarce
... binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription. 1. The trp operon is a repressible operon. trp operon ...
... binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription. 1. The trp operon is a repressible operon. trp operon ...
Protein Quality Control along the Route to the Plant Vacuole
... Ceriotti et al., 1991). Such resistance is probably necessary for their efficient accumulation in protein storage vacuoles: in fact, these compartments also accumulate proteolytic enzymes, although their hydrolytic activity is lower than that of vacuoles of vegetative tissues (Okita and Rogers, 1996 ...
... Ceriotti et al., 1991). Such resistance is probably necessary for their efficient accumulation in protein storage vacuoles: in fact, these compartments also accumulate proteolytic enzymes, although their hydrolytic activity is lower than that of vacuoles of vegetative tissues (Okita and Rogers, 1996 ...
Document
... FIG. 1: The IR (left) and 1 H-NMR (right) spectra of a small peptide, Boc-Ala-Gly-Ala-Aib-OMe. In both cases, bands corresponding to certain molecular groups appear at characteristic absorption frequencies. The FTIR spectrum shows all 3N − 6 normal modes, while a 1 H-NMR spectrum reports on only the ...
... FIG. 1: The IR (left) and 1 H-NMR (right) spectra of a small peptide, Boc-Ala-Gly-Ala-Aib-OMe. In both cases, bands corresponding to certain molecular groups appear at characteristic absorption frequencies. The FTIR spectrum shows all 3N − 6 normal modes, while a 1 H-NMR spectrum reports on only the ...
Test Info Sheet
... A common mutation in the HADHA gene (c.1528 G->C) in exon 15, accounts for approximately 87% of alleles in isolated LCHAD deficiency. 3,4 Mutations in HADHA are mostly missense, nonsense, small insertions/deletions and splice site changes. The majority of mutations identified in HADHB are missense, ...
... A common mutation in the HADHA gene (c.1528 G->C) in exon 15, accounts for approximately 87% of alleles in isolated LCHAD deficiency. 3,4 Mutations in HADHA are mostly missense, nonsense, small insertions/deletions and splice site changes. The majority of mutations identified in HADHB are missense, ...
Roles of F-box Proteins in Plant Hormone Responses
... ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome pathway is a central regulatory mechanism in the signal transduction pathways of different plant hormones [2,3]. Remarkably, approximately 1300 genes, or 5% of the Arabidopsis proteome genes have been thought to encode components in the Ub proteasome pathway, likely the mos ...
... ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome pathway is a central regulatory mechanism in the signal transduction pathways of different plant hormones [2,3]. Remarkably, approximately 1300 genes, or 5% of the Arabidopsis proteome genes have been thought to encode components in the Ub proteasome pathway, likely the mos ...
Dephosphorylation Agents Depress Gap Junctional Communication
... tion of action potentials via specialised cell-to-cell channels clustered in structures called gap junctions. These channels directly link the cytoplasms of neighbouring cells and mediate the reciprocal exchange of ions and low molecular-weight molecules (< 1000 Da), including second messengers (e.g ...
... tion of action potentials via specialised cell-to-cell channels clustered in structures called gap junctions. These channels directly link the cytoplasms of neighbouring cells and mediate the reciprocal exchange of ions and low molecular-weight molecules (< 1000 Da), including second messengers (e.g ...
Relationships between amino acid sequence and backbone torsion
... The evaluation of the probabilities PXYZ(i, i) and PXYZ(i , i⫹1) is outlined in the Appendix (see Eq. A1). The probabilities calculated in this manner are the a priori probabilities, because the condition that the triplet under consideration is embedded into the given specific amino acid sequence ...
... The evaluation of the probabilities PXYZ(i, i) and PXYZ(i , i⫹1) is outlined in the Appendix (see Eq. A1). The probabilities calculated in this manner are the a priori probabilities, because the condition that the triplet under consideration is embedded into the given specific amino acid sequence ...
Motor protein control of ion flux is an early step in embryonic left
... event.(2) Most importantly, a number of mechanisms appear to be required for LR patterning at pre-cilia stages. In the chick, a system of gap-junctional communication is required at stage 2–3 (prior to node formation) for correct LR asymmetry(20) and, in the frog, very early mechanisms include gap j ...
... event.(2) Most importantly, a number of mechanisms appear to be required for LR patterning at pre-cilia stages. In the chick, a system of gap-junctional communication is required at stage 2–3 (prior to node formation) for correct LR asymmetry(20) and, in the frog, very early mechanisms include gap j ...
Comparative mycobacterial genomics as a tool for drug S.T. Cole
... biological role or their similarity to known bacterial drug targets. However, now that more mycobacterial sequences are becoming available, it is possible to establish which genes are generally found in mycobacteria or restricted to a given species [17, 18]. The functions encoded by these genes, if ...
... biological role or their similarity to known bacterial drug targets. However, now that more mycobacterial sequences are becoming available, it is possible to establish which genes are generally found in mycobacteria or restricted to a given species [17, 18]. The functions encoded by these genes, if ...
Purification and Characterization of the Secondary
... assimilated through the glyoxylate cycle. The C, moiety is assimilated through the cellular reduced C , pool (Coleman & Perry, 1984). Little is known about the enzymes responsible for the series of reactions that convert propane to acetate in this organism. There have been reports on the intermediar ...
... assimilated through the glyoxylate cycle. The C, moiety is assimilated through the cellular reduced C , pool (Coleman & Perry, 1984). Little is known about the enzymes responsible for the series of reactions that convert propane to acetate in this organism. There have been reports on the intermediar ...
Human microRNA target analysis and gene ontology clustering by
... (page number not for citation purposes) ...
... (page number not for citation purposes) ...
Amino acid substitutions that specifically impair the transcriptional
... Brd4(L). As can be been seen in Figs. 2A and B, Brd4(L) was indeed detected in the eluates from the GST-E2 TAD column but not those from control columns. Similar experiments were then performed with the E2 TAD from HPV31. For this type also, the eluate from the column containing the GST-E2 TAD conta ...
... Brd4(L). As can be been seen in Figs. 2A and B, Brd4(L) was indeed detected in the eluates from the GST-E2 TAD column but not those from control columns. Similar experiments were then performed with the E2 TAD from HPV31. For this type also, the eluate from the column containing the GST-E2 TAD conta ...
Role of Oxidative Stress in Skeletal Muscle
... parallel pathways. First, long-term elevation of ROS activity can act via redox signaling mechanisms to alter muscle gene expression, causing protein loss that diminishes muscle mass (“atrophy”). Second, ROS also can act via post-translational mechanisms to modify constitutively expressed proteins, ...
... parallel pathways. First, long-term elevation of ROS activity can act via redox signaling mechanisms to alter muscle gene expression, causing protein loss that diminishes muscle mass (“atrophy”). Second, ROS also can act via post-translational mechanisms to modify constitutively expressed proteins, ...
Gene Section FANCG (Fanconi anemia, complementation group G)
... Fanconi anaemia's prognosis is poor; mean survival is 20 years: patients die of bone marrow failure (infections, haemorrhages), leukaemia, or solid cancer. It has recently been shown that significant phenotypic differences were found between the various complementation groups. FA group G patients ha ...
... Fanconi anaemia's prognosis is poor; mean survival is 20 years: patients die of bone marrow failure (infections, haemorrhages), leukaemia, or solid cancer. It has recently been shown that significant phenotypic differences were found between the various complementation groups. FA group G patients ha ...
The Escherichia coli mar Locus— Antibiotic Resistance and More
... The three-dimensional structures for both the E. coli MarA and Rob proteins in complex with their DNA substrates are now known (Fig. 4). These structural data directly support a wealth of genetic and biochemical evidence that first suggested the presence of the unique dual helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA ...
... The three-dimensional structures for both the E. coli MarA and Rob proteins in complex with their DNA substrates are now known (Fig. 4). These structural data directly support a wealth of genetic and biochemical evidence that first suggested the presence of the unique dual helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA ...
PDF version of paper
... cells through bloodstream, actin that provides stability to cells are some examples of proteins. Proteins are encoded by specific genes. Information in DNA (in the form of 4 letters: A or T or G or C) are translated into amino acids (20 different letters) during protein synthesis. Therefore, analyzi ...
... cells through bloodstream, actin that provides stability to cells are some examples of proteins. Proteins are encoded by specific genes. Information in DNA (in the form of 4 letters: A or T or G or C) are translated into amino acids (20 different letters) during protein synthesis. Therefore, analyzi ...
interaction of salinity and temperature on net protein synthesis and
... protein synthesis occurs for 30 min at 22C. The decrease in the rate of protein synthesis at 15C after 30 min of incubation in SSPU medium at 15 and 20%0 may either result in, or result from, the inability of cells to grow at these low salinities. Thus, at growth medium salinities of E-30%0, althoug ...
... protein synthesis occurs for 30 min at 22C. The decrease in the rate of protein synthesis at 15C after 30 min of incubation in SSPU medium at 15 and 20%0 may either result in, or result from, the inability of cells to grow at these low salinities. Thus, at growth medium salinities of E-30%0, althoug ...
2.3 Bombardment of detached potato leaves and confocal
... elicitor of the Nb-mediated response. In the high resolution genetical map described above, we positioned the Nb locus in an interval of approximately 0.76 cM between the AFLP markers GM339 and GM637 (Fig. 2A). Given that the average recombination frequency in potato is about 1000 kb.cM-1 [18], the ...
... elicitor of the Nb-mediated response. In the high resolution genetical map described above, we positioned the Nb locus in an interval of approximately 0.76 cM between the AFLP markers GM339 and GM637 (Fig. 2A). Given that the average recombination frequency in potato is about 1000 kb.cM-1 [18], the ...
The Use of Multiple Transcription Starts Causes the Dual Targeting
... from chloroplasts (Fig. 4D). This result was confirmed by merging the red autofluorescence of chloroplasts (Fig. 4E, F). Cells in which a control construct, 35S-GFP, was introduced, exhibited green fluorescence from the nucleus and cytoplasm (Fig. 4B). These results strongly suggest that two PMDAR i ...
... from chloroplasts (Fig. 4D). This result was confirmed by merging the red autofluorescence of chloroplasts (Fig. 4E, F). Cells in which a control construct, 35S-GFP, was introduced, exhibited green fluorescence from the nucleus and cytoplasm (Fig. 4B). These results strongly suggest that two PMDAR i ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.