14.1 The lacI Gene Encodes a Diffusible Repressor
... Now that we have an understanding of the lac operon, let’s consider one of the experimental approaches that was used to elucidate its regulation. In the 1950s, Jacob, Monod, and their colleague Arthur Pardee had identified a few rare mutant strains of bacteria that had abnormal lactose adaptation. O ...
... Now that we have an understanding of the lac operon, let’s consider one of the experimental approaches that was used to elucidate its regulation. In the 1950s, Jacob, Monod, and their colleague Arthur Pardee had identified a few rare mutant strains of bacteria that had abnormal lactose adaptation. O ...
Intracellular catalysis of disulfide bond formation by the human
... Many secreted proteins contain disulfide bonds, which are required for their proper folding, function and stability. In eukaryotic cells disulfide bond formation usually occurs while the protein folds in the lumen of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). While disulfide bonds can be formed spontaneously i ...
... Many secreted proteins contain disulfide bonds, which are required for their proper folding, function and stability. In eukaryotic cells disulfide bond formation usually occurs while the protein folds in the lumen of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). While disulfide bonds can be formed spontaneously i ...
Nuclear accumulation of hepatitis B virus preS fragments
... infection process can be assumed to be largely restricted to the early steps of infection. There are many examples that viral structural proteins have been shown to be associated with various subcellular structures, including actin filaments or the Golgi complex and even the nucleus. Depending on th ...
... infection process can be assumed to be largely restricted to the early steps of infection. There are many examples that viral structural proteins have been shown to be associated with various subcellular structures, including actin filaments or the Golgi complex and even the nucleus. Depending on th ...
Document
... plastic backing, cut into strips and dehydrated •pH gradients are created with sets of acrylamido buffers which are derivatives of acrylamide containing both reactive double bonds and buffering groups •The pH gradient is fixed in the gel and doesn’t change during focusing •IPG strips allow for a hig ...
... plastic backing, cut into strips and dehydrated •pH gradients are created with sets of acrylamido buffers which are derivatives of acrylamide containing both reactive double bonds and buffering groups •The pH gradient is fixed in the gel and doesn’t change during focusing •IPG strips allow for a hig ...
Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self
... entirely different molecules. These well-defined sequences allow the hydrophilic heads have one or two charged amino acids and the peptides to undergo ordered self-assembly, in a process resembling hydrophobic tails have four or more consecutive hydrophobic amino acids (see figures in refs. 33–35). ...
... entirely different molecules. These well-defined sequences allow the hydrophilic heads have one or two charged amino acids and the peptides to undergo ordered self-assembly, in a process resembling hydrophobic tails have four or more consecutive hydrophobic amino acids (see figures in refs. 33–35). ...
Protein Sorting between Mitochondrial Membranes Specified by
... suggests the existence of two types of sorting signals: sequences that function as putative stop-transfer domains (3) to arrest translocation of proteins during vectorial import (15, 27), and a domain found in the signal sequence of the Fe/S subunit of the cytochrome bc~ complex, which is responsibl ...
... suggests the existence of two types of sorting signals: sequences that function as putative stop-transfer domains (3) to arrest translocation of proteins during vectorial import (15, 27), and a domain found in the signal sequence of the Fe/S subunit of the cytochrome bc~ complex, which is responsibl ...
Lysosomal Enzymes in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Outflow
... the presence of extracellular and intracellular vacuoles in the outflow pathway region, as well as partial collapse of the Schlemm’s canal. In vitro experiments demonstrated the pericellular and intralysosomal degradation of structural ECM components associated with active cathepsin B (CTSB), which ...
... the presence of extracellular and intracellular vacuoles in the outflow pathway region, as well as partial collapse of the Schlemm’s canal. In vitro experiments demonstrated the pericellular and intralysosomal degradation of structural ECM components associated with active cathepsin B (CTSB), which ...
Microbial diversity and virulence probing of five different body sites
... clustering of COGs across metagenomes •Can also show Hierarchical clustering by Function (COG, Pfam etc) or ...
... clustering of COGs across metagenomes •Can also show Hierarchical clustering by Function (COG, Pfam etc) or ...
Molecular Dynamics of a Presynaptic Active Zone
... Generation of Munc13-1–EYFP KIs. The targeting vector for the generation of Munc13-1–EYFP KIs was constructed on the basis of a 15 kb genomic clone in pBluescript (pM13-1-3⬘), which had been isolated from a FIXII genomic library of the SV129 mouse strain (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). In the targeting ...
... Generation of Munc13-1–EYFP KIs. The targeting vector for the generation of Munc13-1–EYFP KIs was constructed on the basis of a 15 kb genomic clone in pBluescript (pM13-1-3⬘), which had been isolated from a FIXII genomic library of the SV129 mouse strain (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). In the targeting ...
Bio2 Gene prediction DNA structure Codons and ORFs Predicting
... • Are there features of this protein similar to others? ...
... • Are there features of this protein similar to others? ...
Comparative Analysis of Plant and Animal Calcium Signal
... binding and/or controlling signal transduction proteins. Many genes specific for muscle and nerve tissue do not exist in plants. However, calcium ion signal transduction genes of basic functions of cell homeostasis and responses were well conserved; plants have developed a calcium ion interacting sy ...
... binding and/or controlling signal transduction proteins. Many genes specific for muscle and nerve tissue do not exist in plants. However, calcium ion signal transduction genes of basic functions of cell homeostasis and responses were well conserved; plants have developed a calcium ion interacting sy ...
Role of N-linked oligosaccharide chains in the processing and
... supplier (Bio-Rad). To obtain mutant cDNA lacking a particular single natural consensus site, we performed oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using a single oligonucleofide designed to produce the required change. The combinations of mutation sites were generated by performing successive site-dire ...
... supplier (Bio-Rad). To obtain mutant cDNA lacking a particular single natural consensus site, we performed oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis using a single oligonucleofide designed to produce the required change. The combinations of mutation sites were generated by performing successive site-dire ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... Apart from proteins of the bona fide g-tubulin complex (Liu et al., 1994; Erhardt et al., 2002; Binarová et al., 2006; Pastuglia et al., 2006; Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009; Kong et al., 2010), only a handful of plant proteins with similarity with animal centrosomal proteins have been identified and ...
... Apart from proteins of the bona fide g-tubulin complex (Liu et al., 1994; Erhardt et al., 2002; Binarová et al., 2006; Pastuglia et al., 2006; Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009; Kong et al., 2010), only a handful of plant proteins with similarity with animal centrosomal proteins have been identified and ...
Polypeptide Synthesis - Fairfax Senior High School
... Forming a polypeptide Once 1st two aa are in place, 1st tRNA is then released Leaving it free to pick up another aa Process continues-ribosomes moves along mRNA Polypeptide chain grows Aa added to a chain at 15/s One of 3 codons stop the translation process No tRNA to match up Trans ...
... Forming a polypeptide Once 1st two aa are in place, 1st tRNA is then released Leaving it free to pick up another aa Process continues-ribosomes moves along mRNA Polypeptide chain grows Aa added to a chain at 15/s One of 3 codons stop the translation process No tRNA to match up Trans ...
Synthesis of Substituted Alkanethiols Intended for Protein Immobilization -Chelate Associated Photochemistry (CAP)
... almost everything around us including ourselves, vitamins, proteins, medicines and a large number of other everyday essentials. Organic chemical reactions occur continuously in nature, creating molecules and complexes, often referred as biosynthesis (reactions within a living organism). The coupling ...
... almost everything around us including ourselves, vitamins, proteins, medicines and a large number of other everyday essentials. Organic chemical reactions occur continuously in nature, creating molecules and complexes, often referred as biosynthesis (reactions within a living organism). The coupling ...
The Arabidopsis TRM1-TON1 interaction reveals a recruitment
... Apart from proteins of the bona fide g-tubulin complex (Liu et al., 1994; Erhardt et al., 2002; Binarová et al., 2006; Pastuglia et al., 2006; Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009; Kong et al., 2010), only a handful of plant proteins with similarity with animal centrosomal proteins have been identified and ...
... Apart from proteins of the bona fide g-tubulin complex (Liu et al., 1994; Erhardt et al., 2002; Binarová et al., 2006; Pastuglia et al., 2006; Nakamura and Hashimoto, 2009; Kong et al., 2010), only a handful of plant proteins with similarity with animal centrosomal proteins have been identified and ...
Sample Chapter 10: Gene Action and Expression
... DNA replication preserves genetic information by endowing each new cell with a complete set of operating instructions. A cell uses some of the information to manufacture proteins. To do this, first the process of transcription copies a particular part of the DNA sequence of a chromosome into an RNA ...
... DNA replication preserves genetic information by endowing each new cell with a complete set of operating instructions. A cell uses some of the information to manufacture proteins. To do this, first the process of transcription copies a particular part of the DNA sequence of a chromosome into an RNA ...
Exercise - GEP Community Server - Washington University in St. Louis
... transcript or polypeptide (from 5’ to 3’). The Polypeptide tab shows only coding exons (exons that code for amino acids), while the transcript tab shows all exons. The 5’ start and 3’ end columns in the table show the coordinates of exons on the D. melanogaster chromosome. Clicking on each exon in t ...
... transcript or polypeptide (from 5’ to 3’). The Polypeptide tab shows only coding exons (exons that code for amino acids), while the transcript tab shows all exons. The 5’ start and 3’ end columns in the table show the coordinates of exons on the D. melanogaster chromosome. Clicking on each exon in t ...
principles of gene control
... F.Jacob and J.Monod publish “Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins.” A paper in which the theory of the operon is developed. They proposed their now-classical operon model in1961. The core of the model was that the level of proteins in cells was controlled at a genetic level. Th ...
... F.Jacob and J.Monod publish “Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins.” A paper in which the theory of the operon is developed. They proposed their now-classical operon model in1961. The core of the model was that the level of proteins in cells was controlled at a genetic level. Th ...
Nup153 is an M9containing mobile nucleoporin with a novel
... 50–100 different proteins, termed nucleoporins, that assemble in multiple copies to form the complex. Biochemical, genetic and genome sequencing approaches have led to the identification of ~30 yeast nucleoporins or NPCassociated proteins, while about half as many higher eukaryotic nucleoporins have ...
... 50–100 different proteins, termed nucleoporins, that assemble in multiple copies to form the complex. Biochemical, genetic and genome sequencing approaches have led to the identification of ~30 yeast nucleoporins or NPCassociated proteins, while about half as many higher eukaryotic nucleoporins have ...
Development of an Assay for the Identification of Receptor Binding
... 1. Introduction Bacteriophage receptor binding proteins (RBPs) have recently been developed into a number of tools that make use of their high specificity and robustness [1]. These technologies include diagnostics involving RBPs bound to surfaces [2], or to beads [3,4], for the selective capture of ...
... 1. Introduction Bacteriophage receptor binding proteins (RBPs) have recently been developed into a number of tools that make use of their high specificity and robustness [1]. These technologies include diagnostics involving RBPs bound to surfaces [2], or to beads [3,4], for the selective capture of ...
Chapter 22 (Part 2)
... • RF-3 binds GTP and enhances activities of RF-1 and –2. • Presence of release factors with a nonsense codon at A site transforms the peptidyl transferase into a hydrolase, which cleaves the peptidyl chain from the tRNA carrier • Hydrolysis of GTP is required for disassociation of RFs, ribosome subu ...
... • RF-3 binds GTP and enhances activities of RF-1 and –2. • Presence of release factors with a nonsense codon at A site transforms the peptidyl transferase into a hydrolase, which cleaves the peptidyl chain from the tRNA carrier • Hydrolysis of GTP is required for disassociation of RFs, ribosome subu ...
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
... sufficient for completely normal bone structure. However, mutations that result in a mutant proα1 protein that is synthesized, but not functional, cause much more severe cases of osteogenesis (types II, III, and IV). In this case, 50% of proα1 protein will be abnormal, but because bone collagen is a ...
... sufficient for completely normal bone structure. However, mutations that result in a mutant proα1 protein that is synthesized, but not functional, cause much more severe cases of osteogenesis (types II, III, and IV). In this case, 50% of proα1 protein will be abnormal, but because bone collagen is a ...
PDF
... We also isolated two other genes highly related to XRnf12, named XRnf12B and XRnf12C (Fig. 1A,B). XRnf12B and XRnf12C share 89% identity with each other, and contain similar repetitive sequences of heptamer peptide of distinct sizes, the consensus of which is P-E/V-S-V-P/A-E/V. XRnf12B and XRnf12C m ...
... We also isolated two other genes highly related to XRnf12, named XRnf12B and XRnf12C (Fig. 1A,B). XRnf12B and XRnf12C share 89% identity with each other, and contain similar repetitive sequences of heptamer peptide of distinct sizes, the consensus of which is P-E/V-S-V-P/A-E/V. XRnf12B and XRnf12C m ...
The role of IRES trans-acting factors in regulating translation initiation
... Significant advances have been made in identifying how ITAFs regulate viral IRESs. For example, it is known that PTB regulates the EMCV IRES by stabilizing its threedimensional structure, thus acting as an RNA chaperone [29]. Moreover, research in the viral IRES field has been aided by structural si ...
... Significant advances have been made in identifying how ITAFs regulate viral IRESs. For example, it is known that PTB regulates the EMCV IRES by stabilizing its threedimensional structure, thus acting as an RNA chaperone [29]. Moreover, research in the viral IRES field has been aided by structural si ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.