Protein Quality Control as a Strategy for Cellular Regulation
... Part of feedback regulation of the sterol pathway centers on regulated degradation of HMGR, which is a key and often rate-limiting enzyme for the sterol pathway. It was first observed in mammalian cells that the stability of HMGR was decreased when early sterol precursors or sterols were added to ce ...
... Part of feedback regulation of the sterol pathway centers on regulated degradation of HMGR, which is a key and often rate-limiting enzyme for the sterol pathway. It was first observed in mammalian cells that the stability of HMGR was decreased when early sterol precursors or sterols were added to ce ...
Conserved mechanisms of Ras regulation of evolutionary
... the ets gene product, Lin-1, acts after the Ras-RafMEK-MAPK cascade that mediates development of the vulva. Lin-1 is a negative regulator with multiple potential MAPK phosphorylation sites. The ets domain is most similar to the Elk/SAP1/Net subfamily of mammals, both in sequence and N-terminal posit ...
... the ets gene product, Lin-1, acts after the Ras-RafMEK-MAPK cascade that mediates development of the vulva. Lin-1 is a negative regulator with multiple potential MAPK phosphorylation sites. The ets domain is most similar to the Elk/SAP1/Net subfamily of mammals, both in sequence and N-terminal posit ...
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
... successfully to study how SCF recognizes phosphorylated substrates (Nash et al., 2001; Orlicky et al., 2003; Verma et al., 1997a), the mechanisms of ubiquitin transfer through SCF (Deffenbaugh et al., 2003), the minimum set of components that can sustain Sic1 turnover and S-CDK activation (Verma et ...
... successfully to study how SCF recognizes phosphorylated substrates (Nash et al., 2001; Orlicky et al., 2003; Verma et al., 1997a), the mechanisms of ubiquitin transfer through SCF (Deffenbaugh et al., 2003), the minimum set of components that can sustain Sic1 turnover and S-CDK activation (Verma et ...
Dual Location of the Mitochondrial Preprotein
... both Tim23-2 and B14.7, in vitro protein uptake assays of radiolabeled proteins were performed and analyzed by BN-PAGE. The uptake of radiolabeled Tim23-2 into the Tim17:23 complexes was observed as expected, but uptake of Tim23-2 into the monomeric complex I was also distinctly observed, in a manne ...
... both Tim23-2 and B14.7, in vitro protein uptake assays of radiolabeled proteins were performed and analyzed by BN-PAGE. The uptake of radiolabeled Tim23-2 into the Tim17:23 complexes was observed as expected, but uptake of Tim23-2 into the monomeric complex I was also distinctly observed, in a manne ...
SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial
... Francisella tularensis and Chlamydia trachomatis, possess a cell wall but do not encode aPBPs. Among these taxa are organisms that were recently discovered to make PG32–35 or encode an essential lipid II biosynthetic pathway36. In all cases, these organisms contain at least one SEDS family member a ...
... Francisella tularensis and Chlamydia trachomatis, possess a cell wall but do not encode aPBPs. Among these taxa are organisms that were recently discovered to make PG32–35 or encode an essential lipid II biosynthetic pathway36. In all cases, these organisms contain at least one SEDS family member a ...
Defensin-like antifungal proteins secreted by filamentous fungi
... The transcription of afp is under control of different transcription factors. It is hypothesised that a calcineurin signalling pathway, the phosphate starvation, and an asexual developmental regulation mechanism play a central role in transcription of afp. Five putative Crz1p (stress response elemen ...
... The transcription of afp is under control of different transcription factors. It is hypothesised that a calcineurin signalling pathway, the phosphate starvation, and an asexual developmental regulation mechanism play a central role in transcription of afp. Five putative Crz1p (stress response elemen ...
Purification and Characterization of the Secondary
... assimilated through the glyoxylate cycle. The C, moiety is assimilated through the cellular reduced C , pool (Coleman & Perry, 1984). Little is known about the enzymes responsible for the series of reactions that convert propane to acetate in this organism. There have been reports on the intermediar ...
... assimilated through the glyoxylate cycle. The C, moiety is assimilated through the cellular reduced C , pool (Coleman & Perry, 1984). Little is known about the enzymes responsible for the series of reactions that convert propane to acetate in this organism. There have been reports on the intermediar ...
Arachidonic Acid Mediates Interleukin-1 and Tumor
... indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), melittin, quinacrine, genistein, glutathione, glutathione agarose, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (St Louis, MO). Phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol were from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Ceramide ...
... indomethacin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), melittin, quinacrine, genistein, glutathione, glutathione agarose, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co (St Louis, MO). Phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol were from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Ceramide ...
The Escherichia coli trmE (mnmE) gene, involved in tRNA
... Fig. 2. The purified 53K protein forms oligomers. (A) SDS–PAGE analysis of samples from different purification steps of the GST–50K fusion protein from strain MC1000/pIC684. The gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. Lane 1, crude extract from an uninduced culture; lane 2, crude extract from a culture ...
... Fig. 2. The purified 53K protein forms oligomers. (A) SDS–PAGE analysis of samples from different purification steps of the GST–50K fusion protein from strain MC1000/pIC684. The gel was stained with Coomassie Blue. Lane 1, crude extract from an uninduced culture; lane 2, crude extract from a culture ...
Vesicle-mediated Protein Transport: Regulatory
... of the Vpsl5 protein kinase and the Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Ptdlns 3-kinase) is essential for the delivery of proteins to the yeast vacuole. An active Vpsl5p is required for the recruitment of Vps34p to the membrane and subsequent stimulation of Vps34p Ptdlns 3-kinase activity. Consiste ...
... of the Vpsl5 protein kinase and the Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Ptdlns 3-kinase) is essential for the delivery of proteins to the yeast vacuole. An active Vpsl5p is required for the recruitment of Vps34p to the membrane and subsequent stimulation of Vps34p Ptdlns 3-kinase activity. Consiste ...
Ribosylation of bovine serum albumin induces ROS accumulation
... (Vlassara 1996; Lyons et al. 1991; Brownlee 1995; Shuvaev et al. 2001; Luthra and Balasubramanian 1993; Kumar et al. 2004). In addition, many cells have receptors for AGE (RAGE). Interaction of AGE with RAGE leads to activation of NF-kB, which stimulates generation of the pro-inflammatory and adhesi ...
... (Vlassara 1996; Lyons et al. 1991; Brownlee 1995; Shuvaev et al. 2001; Luthra and Balasubramanian 1993; Kumar et al. 2004). In addition, many cells have receptors for AGE (RAGE). Interaction of AGE with RAGE leads to activation of NF-kB, which stimulates generation of the pro-inflammatory and adhesi ...
Protective effects of sphingosine-1
... that pharmacological S1P receptor agonists improve recovery of function when applied with reperfusion. Methods and results Isolated rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with exogenous S1P, the selective S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871, or the S1P1/3 receptor agonist FTY720. Western blot analysis was per ...
... that pharmacological S1P receptor agonists improve recovery of function when applied with reperfusion. Methods and results Isolated rat cardiomyocytes were stimulated with exogenous S1P, the selective S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871, or the S1P1/3 receptor agonist FTY720. Western blot analysis was per ...
the cell cycle in action - Oxford Academic
... process that is under the control of strict and often overlapping regulatory systems that aim to ensure the successful production of progeny cells. It is regulated through a number of different supervisory mechanisms, with phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulatory protein ...
... process that is under the control of strict and often overlapping regulatory systems that aim to ensure the successful production of progeny cells. It is regulated through a number of different supervisory mechanisms, with phosphorylation and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key regulatory protein ...
Ubiquitin ligases and beyond EDITORIAL Open Access Ivan Dikic
... its targets to the proteasome: hence its vital role in the progression of the cell cycle. It was already clear in 2004 that the number of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes was very large, and that ubiquitin tags can be attached to proteins either as monomers or as poly-ubiquitin chains. Bu ...
... its targets to the proteasome: hence its vital role in the progression of the cell cycle. It was already clear in 2004 that the number of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes was very large, and that ubiquitin tags can be attached to proteins either as monomers or as poly-ubiquitin chains. Bu ...
Vertebrate hairy and Enhancer of split related proteins
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
... must have a signi®cant role under some circumstances. Most bHLH proteins bind as either hetero- or homodimers to a consensus DNA sequence of CANNTG, known as an E-box. Additional binding speci®city is derived from interactions between the basic regions and the middle two bases, as well as bases ¯ank ...
Assembly of the Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll Antenna in the Green
... size for both photosystems (Polle et al., 2003). TLA1 is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is thought to help define the size and number of organelles in the cell by an as-yet-unknown mechanism (Tetali et al., 2007; Mitra and Melis, 2010). The product of the ALB3.1 gene, called ALB3 in higher pl ...
... size for both photosystems (Polle et al., 2003). TLA1 is highly conserved among eukaryotes and is thought to help define the size and number of organelles in the cell by an as-yet-unknown mechanism (Tetali et al., 2007; Mitra and Melis, 2010). The product of the ALB3.1 gene, called ALB3 in higher pl ...
Studies of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) and
... reproduce. Viruses consist of either a single-stranded or a double-stranded DNA or RNA genome in addition to a protective protein coat. Viruses exist in the air, soil and water and infect all cellular life. As protection against the dozens of viruses that attack, vertebrates have two major ways to d ...
... reproduce. Viruses consist of either a single-stranded or a double-stranded DNA or RNA genome in addition to a protective protein coat. Viruses exist in the air, soil and water and infect all cellular life. As protection against the dozens of viruses that attack, vertebrates have two major ways to d ...
Novel Inhibitory Action of Tunicamycin Homologues Suggests a
... Elucidation of biological roles for palmitoylation in growth cone functions, or in other cellular processes, has been hindered by the lack of an inhibitor that would permit direct experimental manipulation of this modification in intact cells. The nucleoside antibiotic tunicamycin (TM) * (see Fig. 1 ...
... Elucidation of biological roles for palmitoylation in growth cone functions, or in other cellular processes, has been hindered by the lack of an inhibitor that would permit direct experimental manipulation of this modification in intact cells. The nucleoside antibiotic tunicamycin (TM) * (see Fig. 1 ...
Protein transport across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae and E. coli and have only moderate translocation defects [32–34]. However, the crystal structures of these mutants show that new plugs are formed from neighboring polypeptide segments [34]. The new plugs still seal the closed channel, but they have lost many interactions tha ...
... Saccharomyces cerevisiae and E. coli and have only moderate translocation defects [32–34]. However, the crystal structures of these mutants show that new plugs are formed from neighboring polypeptide segments [34]. The new plugs still seal the closed channel, but they have lost many interactions tha ...
The putative phosphatase All1758 is necessary for normal growth
... The translational all1758–gfp reporter fusion under the control of the all1758 promoter was created using primers Pall1758 BamHI F and all1758 SmaI R to amplify the 1866 bp fragment from the chromosome. The fragment was moved as a BamHI–SmaI fragment into pSMC232, a replicating plasmid used to gener ...
... The translational all1758–gfp reporter fusion under the control of the all1758 promoter was created using primers Pall1758 BamHI F and all1758 SmaI R to amplify the 1866 bp fragment from the chromosome. The fragment was moved as a BamHI–SmaI fragment into pSMC232, a replicating plasmid used to gener ...
Gene Section CDT1 (chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1)
... Cyclin-binding motif is the target for phosphorylation by cyclin A-dependent kinases, which results in the binding of Cdt1 to the F-box protein Skp2 and subsequent degradation. Interaction with geminin, a small regulatory protein active during S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, protects CDT1 fro ...
... Cyclin-binding motif is the target for phosphorylation by cyclin A-dependent kinases, which results in the binding of Cdt1 to the F-box protein Skp2 and subsequent degradation. Interaction with geminin, a small regulatory protein active during S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, protects CDT1 fro ...
The Golgi Apparatus - Global Science Books
... Fig. 2 Fluorescent proteins are an important tool in visualising parts of the secretory pathway. Various proteins have been established as markers for different organelles in the secretory pathway. These micrographs demonstrate the usage of several markers alone or in combination to show the distrib ...
... Fig. 2 Fluorescent proteins are an important tool in visualising parts of the secretory pathway. Various proteins have been established as markers for different organelles in the secretory pathway. These micrographs demonstrate the usage of several markers alone or in combination to show the distrib ...
Becke S, Fabre-Mersseman V, Aue S, Auerochs S
... (wt)-pp65, Western blot analysis of infected cells was performed (Fig. 1b). No reduction of the steady-state level of the fusion protein at 4 days post-infection (p.i.) could be detected. This indicated that the mutation did not generally impair pp65 expression. We next analysed whether the reduced ...
... (wt)-pp65, Western blot analysis of infected cells was performed (Fig. 1b). No reduction of the steady-state level of the fusion protein at 4 days post-infection (p.i.) could be detected. This indicated that the mutation did not generally impair pp65 expression. We next analysed whether the reduced ...
Precursor of human adenovirus core polypeptide Mu targets the
... sequence, expressed N-terminal to the EGFP sequences. On the right, the subcellular distribution of each fusion protein is indicated as No. (nucleolar), Np. (nucleoplasmic) and/or Cyt. (cytoplasmic). (B) Mutants of Mu, formed by substitution of selected arginine codons with alanine codons. Mu protei ...
... sequence, expressed N-terminal to the EGFP sequences. On the right, the subcellular distribution of each fusion protein is indicated as No. (nucleolar), Np. (nucleoplasmic) and/or Cyt. (cytoplasmic). (B) Mutants of Mu, formed by substitution of selected arginine codons with alanine codons. Mu protei ...
The Poxvirus Protein A52R Targets Toll
... unmethylated CpG motifs that are present in bacterial DNA (3–6). TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and other Gram-positive molecular patterns, but only when present as a heterodimer in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6 (7–12). TLRs have also been implicated in sensing viral infections (13–17 ...
... unmethylated CpG motifs that are present in bacterial DNA (3–6). TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and other Gram-positive molecular patterns, but only when present as a heterodimer in combination with either TLR1 or TLR6 (7–12). TLRs have also been implicated in sensing viral infections (13–17 ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.