thebacterialflagellum
... the late 17th century [1]. He manufactured microscopes and discovered small animals in his well water. He described them as “little eels, or worms, lying all huddled up together and wriggling” [2]. The bacteria he was observing was spirillum, probably Spirillum Volutans. However, Leeuwenhoek did not ...
... the late 17th century [1]. He manufactured microscopes and discovered small animals in his well water. He described them as “little eels, or worms, lying all huddled up together and wriggling” [2]. The bacteria he was observing was spirillum, probably Spirillum Volutans. However, Leeuwenhoek did not ...
Somatic cancer mutations in the MLL1 histone methyltransferase
... Somatic missense mutations in the mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) histone H3K4 methyltransferase are often observed in cancers. MLL1 forms a complex with WDR5, RBBP5, and ASH2L (WRA) which stimulates its activity. The MM-102 compound prevents the interaction between MLL1 and WDR5 and functions as an ...
... Somatic missense mutations in the mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) histone H3K4 methyltransferase are often observed in cancers. MLL1 forms a complex with WDR5, RBBP5, and ASH2L (WRA) which stimulates its activity. The MM-102 compound prevents the interaction between MLL1 and WDR5 and functions as an ...
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways
... and TLR pathways30. However, ECSIT can localize to mitochondria, where it is critical for the assembly of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and respiratory-chain function31. Interestingly, in response to engagement of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4, TRAF6 trans locates to mitochondria, where it ...
... and TLR pathways30. However, ECSIT can localize to mitochondria, where it is critical for the assembly of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and respiratory-chain function31. Interestingly, in response to engagement of TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4, TRAF6 trans locates to mitochondria, where it ...
Hydrophobic-at-Interface Regions in Viral Fusion Protein Ectodomains
... separated by a collapsible intervening sequence might constitute a common structural motif related to the fusogenic function of at least some viral glycoproteins. At the cytoplasmic tail of the gp41 protein, an additional example of segregation between membrane-partitioning and membrane-residing seq ...
... separated by a collapsible intervening sequence might constitute a common structural motif related to the fusogenic function of at least some viral glycoproteins. At the cytoplasmic tail of the gp41 protein, an additional example of segregation between membrane-partitioning and membrane-residing seq ...
A flexible polyglutamine hinge opens new doors
... dropped significantly in cells expressing expanded, disease-causing lengths of polyglutamine compared with normal controls. Previous work has found that protein kinase C and casein kinase 2 substrate in neurons 1 (PACSIN1) interacts with the polyproline region in huntingtin, an interaction that is pr ...
... dropped significantly in cells expressing expanded, disease-causing lengths of polyglutamine compared with normal controls. Previous work has found that protein kinase C and casein kinase 2 substrate in neurons 1 (PACSIN1) interacts with the polyproline region in huntingtin, an interaction that is pr ...
NF-kB as a primary regulator of the stress response
... yet another tier of regulatory complexity to modulate NF-kB-mediated gene expression. NF-kB activation pathway Selective, regulated, protein degradation, like protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation, is a fundamental mechanism by which the organism controls a large variety of cellular processe ...
... yet another tier of regulatory complexity to modulate NF-kB-mediated gene expression. NF-kB activation pathway Selective, regulated, protein degradation, like protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation, is a fundamental mechanism by which the organism controls a large variety of cellular processe ...
Periplasmic folding factors in Gram-negative bacteria
... All organisms need a system to regulate the uptake of substances from their external milieu, allowing nutrients to enter and preventing toxic substances from doing so. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell envelope is responsible for determining which substances can enter the cell. It consists of two m ...
... All organisms need a system to regulate the uptake of substances from their external milieu, allowing nutrients to enter and preventing toxic substances from doing so. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell envelope is responsible for determining which substances can enter the cell. It consists of two m ...
PDZ proteins retain and regulate membrane transporters in
... imide-sensitive factor-activating protein receptor) protein localized in TGN and endosomes and is involved in vesicular transport between TGN and endosomes (2, 34). However, GOPC is also found in the plasma membrane when coexpressed in COS-7 cells with the plasma membrane protein frizzled (78) or wi ...
... imide-sensitive factor-activating protein receptor) protein localized in TGN and endosomes and is involved in vesicular transport between TGN and endosomes (2, 34). However, GOPC is also found in the plasma membrane when coexpressed in COS-7 cells with the plasma membrane protein frizzled (78) or wi ...
Cross-linking in the Living Cell Locates the Site of Action of
... generally carried out in vitro using biochemical techniques. Such studies, conducted with subcellular fractions, have on numerous occasions provided critical insights into understanding the mechanism of antibiotic activity. These biochemical approaches are based on a common assumption that interacti ...
... generally carried out in vitro using biochemical techniques. Such studies, conducted with subcellular fractions, have on numerous occasions provided critical insights into understanding the mechanism of antibiotic activity. These biochemical approaches are based on a common assumption that interacti ...
A Tertiary Plastid Uses Genes from Two Endosymbionts
... within the host endomembrane system, so plastidtargeting leaders consist of a signal peptide (SP) followed by a TP. The SP directs the proteins to the endomembrane system via the signal recognition particle, and from there the TP directs them to the plastid.6 One algal group that contains a secondar ...
... within the host endomembrane system, so plastidtargeting leaders consist of a signal peptide (SP) followed by a TP. The SP directs the proteins to the endomembrane system via the signal recognition particle, and from there the TP directs them to the plastid.6 One algal group that contains a secondar ...
PowerPoint Template
... 6.5 Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate and Release of Ca2+ The primary signal function of Ins(1,4,5)P3 is the mobilization of Ca2+ from storage organelles. Ca2+ is a ubiquitous signaling molecule whose signaling function is activated by its release from intracellular stores or through Ca2+ -entry channe ...
... 6.5 Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate and Release of Ca2+ The primary signal function of Ins(1,4,5)P3 is the mobilization of Ca2+ from storage organelles. Ca2+ is a ubiquitous signaling molecule whose signaling function is activated by its release from intracellular stores or through Ca2+ -entry channe ...
Modelling neurodegeneration in Saccharomyces
... role for amyloidβ production in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a concerted effort in which neuropathology, biochemistry, human genetics and work within model systems, including fruitflies, worms and mice, have each had key roles. It is becoming clear that multiple complementary approaches will b ...
... role for amyloidβ production in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a concerted effort in which neuropathology, biochemistry, human genetics and work within model systems, including fruitflies, worms and mice, have each had key roles. It is becoming clear that multiple complementary approaches will b ...
PDF
... horns, similarly processed, were used as controls. Sections were examined for u.v. fluorescence in a Wild M 20 microscope. Photographs were taken in colour using Kodak High Speed Ektachrome and in black and white using Tri-X. For tracing by the fluorescent antibody technique, normal human serum was ...
... horns, similarly processed, were used as controls. Sections were examined for u.v. fluorescence in a Wild M 20 microscope. Photographs were taken in colour using Kodak High Speed Ektachrome and in black and white using Tri-X. For tracing by the fluorescent antibody technique, normal human serum was ...
Specific amino acids in the BAR domain allow homodimerization
... family, Bin1, amphiphysin 1 and Rvs167. Most BAR domains consist of a three-helix bundle, which can dimerize and form a crescent-shaped structure. The positively charged concave surface of this dimeric structure senses and induces membrane curvature by binding to curved negatively charged membranes ...
... family, Bin1, amphiphysin 1 and Rvs167. Most BAR domains consist of a three-helix bundle, which can dimerize and form a crescent-shaped structure. The positively charged concave surface of this dimeric structure senses and induces membrane curvature by binding to curved negatively charged membranes ...
Characterization of a Regular Array in the Wall of
... supporting layer from which they have been removed (homologous reattachment) or to that of another organism (heterologous reattachment) (Sleytr, 1975, 1978). However, there have been few studies on the interaction between the subunits and the underlying wall components. In Gram-negative bacteria, th ...
... supporting layer from which they have been removed (homologous reattachment) or to that of another organism (heterologous reattachment) (Sleytr, 1975, 1978). However, there have been few studies on the interaction between the subunits and the underlying wall components. In Gram-negative bacteria, th ...
Deletion of Lipoteichoic Acid Synthase Impacts
... Cells were harvested by centrifugation 4000 × g for 10 min and then flash frozen using an ethanol-dry ice bath and stored at −80◦ C. For RNA isolation, each frozen pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of Tri-reagent (Zymo Direct-zol RNA MiniPrep Kit Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and cell lysis was perfo ...
... Cells were harvested by centrifugation 4000 × g for 10 min and then flash frozen using an ethanol-dry ice bath and stored at −80◦ C. For RNA isolation, each frozen pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of Tri-reagent (Zymo Direct-zol RNA MiniPrep Kit Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and cell lysis was perfo ...
Alpha-synuclein biology in Lewy body diseases | Alzheimer`s
... membranes has been shown to affect the binding/interaction of α-synuclein to the membrane and subsequent oligomerization [56,59]. α-Synuclein is thought to preferentially bind to regions of membranes that are enriched in lipids [60]. These regions are called lipid rafts and are characterized by high ...
... membranes has been shown to affect the binding/interaction of α-synuclein to the membrane and subsequent oligomerization [56,59]. α-Synuclein is thought to preferentially bind to regions of membranes that are enriched in lipids [60]. These regions are called lipid rafts and are characterized by high ...
Alpha-synuclein biology in Lewy body diseases Woojin Scott Kim , Katarina Kågedal
... membranes has been shown to affect the binding/interaction of α-synuclein to the membrane and subsequent oligomerization [56,59]. α-Synuclein is thought to preferentially bind to regions of membranes that are enriched in lipids [60]. These regions are called lipid rafts and are characterized by high ...
... membranes has been shown to affect the binding/interaction of α-synuclein to the membrane and subsequent oligomerization [56,59]. α-Synuclein is thought to preferentially bind to regions of membranes that are enriched in lipids [60]. These regions are called lipid rafts and are characterized by high ...
Cyclic AMP-Mediated Inhibition of Cell Growth Requires the Small G
... protein concentrations were quantified by the Bradford protein assay. For detection of Raf-1, Myc–Raf-1, ERK2, Myc-ERK2, HA, Flag, Ras, Rap1, pAKT, and pERK1/2, equal protein amounts of cell lysate per treatment condition were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SD ...
... protein concentrations were quantified by the Bradford protein assay. For detection of Raf-1, Myc–Raf-1, ERK2, Myc-ERK2, HA, Flag, Ras, Rap1, pAKT, and pERK1/2, equal protein amounts of cell lysate per treatment condition were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SD ...
A Genomic Screen in Yeast Reveals Novel Aspects of
... genes involved in the nonstop mRNA decay pathway. These strains contained null mutations in the URA3 and HIS3 genes and a complete deletion in a nonessential open reading frame. Each strain from the collection was individually transformed with a plasmid containing a selectable URA3 gene and a his3-n ...
... genes involved in the nonstop mRNA decay pathway. These strains contained null mutations in the URA3 and HIS3 genes and a complete deletion in a nonessential open reading frame. Each strain from the collection was individually transformed with a plasmid containing a selectable URA3 gene and a his3-n ...
Initiation of Plant Disease Resistance by Physical Interaction of
... The interaction of AvrPto with Pto, perhaps anchored to the plasma membrane by Prf, may stimulate Pto kinase activity and trigger a phosphorylation cascade. Alternatively, AvrPto may facilitate dimerization and cross-phosphorylation between Pto molecules. Finally, AvrPto might participate in a prote ...
... The interaction of AvrPto with Pto, perhaps anchored to the plasma membrane by Prf, may stimulate Pto kinase activity and trigger a phosphorylation cascade. Alternatively, AvrPto may facilitate dimerization and cross-phosphorylation between Pto molecules. Finally, AvrPto might participate in a prote ...
"Redundancy " & "Junk" for Codons
... also tells the proteins how many or few of them are to show up at the cell (correct amounts) to meet the cell’s needs. ...
... also tells the proteins how many or few of them are to show up at the cell (correct amounts) to meet the cell’s needs. ...
Mechanical stimuli of skeletal muscle: implications on mTOR/p70s6k
... treatment of several cellular types with IGF-1 seems to activate mTOR on its serine residue 2481, correlating with the activation of p70s6k (Thiimmaiah et al. 2005). Even though the mTOR regulation mediated by phosphorylation on serine 2481 seems to be of importance for its activity regulation, a ve ...
... treatment of several cellular types with IGF-1 seems to activate mTOR on its serine residue 2481, correlating with the activation of p70s6k (Thiimmaiah et al. 2005). Even though the mTOR regulation mediated by phosphorylation on serine 2481 seems to be of importance for its activity regulation, a ve ...
Genome-wide Screen for Inner Nuclear Membrane
... nuclear pore complexes (NPC), the nucleus contains other subnuclear structures including the nucleolus, cajal bodies, speckles, gems, and the nuclear matrix (Review: LAMOND and SLEEMAN 2003). Because membranes do not separate the various subnuclear compartments from one another, their structure, bio ...
... nuclear pore complexes (NPC), the nucleus contains other subnuclear structures including the nucleolus, cajal bodies, speckles, gems, and the nuclear matrix (Review: LAMOND and SLEEMAN 2003). Because membranes do not separate the various subnuclear compartments from one another, their structure, bio ...
Biogenesis of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins
... catalysed by a host signal peptidase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (reviewed in Reed & Rice, 2000). Although cleavages at the N termini of E1 and E2 proceed to completion rapidly after translation (Dubuisson et al., 1994, 2000), cleavage is delayed at the p7\NS2 site and, at least for ...
... catalysed by a host signal peptidase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (reviewed in Reed & Rice, 2000). Although cleavages at the N termini of E1 and E2 proceed to completion rapidly after translation (Dubuisson et al., 1994, 2000), cleavage is delayed at the p7\NS2 site and, at least for ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.