Escherichia coli Karl Skoog
... The biogenesis of the peptidoglycan layer can be divided into two steps. The first step, synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor, occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas the second step, polymerization of peptidoglycan precursors to form the peptidoglycan layer, occurs in the periplasm 35. The peptidoglyc ...
... The biogenesis of the peptidoglycan layer can be divided into two steps. The first step, synthesis of the peptidoglycan precursor, occurs in the cytoplasm, whereas the second step, polymerization of peptidoglycan precursors to form the peptidoglycan layer, occurs in the periplasm 35. The peptidoglyc ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Localized Amyloid β
... conductance regulator (10) were found in the cytosol after inhibition of proteasomal activity. During the intoxication of their target cells, several bacterial and plant toxins such as cholera toxin or ricin are transported in a retrograde manner through the secretory pathway to the ER, from where t ...
... conductance regulator (10) were found in the cytosol after inhibition of proteasomal activity. During the intoxication of their target cells, several bacterial and plant toxins such as cholera toxin or ricin are transported in a retrograde manner through the secretory pathway to the ER, from where t ...
Full-Text PDF
... ABA receptor may exist within a single cell [60–62]. However, with the exception of the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, few studies of ABA receptor function have been conducted. Therefore, here we will focus on the function o ...
... ABA receptor may exist within a single cell [60–62]. However, with the exception of the pyrabactin resistance (PYR)/PYR-like (PYL) or regulatory component of ABA receptor (RCAR) family proteins, few studies of ABA receptor function have been conducted. Therefore, here we will focus on the function o ...
UVB induced cell cycle checkpoints in an early stage
... and also undergo both activating phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of inhibitory sites. Activation of cdk2 requires phosphorylation of threonine 160 (thr 160) which is catalyzed by cdk activating kinase (CAK) (Gu et al., 1992; Solomon and Kaldis, 1998). Phosphorylation of thr 14 and/or tyrosine ...
... and also undergo both activating phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of inhibitory sites. Activation of cdk2 requires phosphorylation of threonine 160 (thr 160) which is catalyzed by cdk activating kinase (CAK) (Gu et al., 1992; Solomon and Kaldis, 1998). Phosphorylation of thr 14 and/or tyrosine ...
the ask1-map kinase cascades in mammalian stress response
... However relationship between Ca signaling and JNK/p38 activation has not been well defined. ...
... However relationship between Ca signaling and JNK/p38 activation has not been well defined. ...
A Molecular Switch for Targeting between Endoplasmic Reticulum
... marker, mtGFP (30), was a gift from Dr. R. Y. Tsien (University of California, San Diego). The ER targeting marker, ER-GFP was a gift from Dr. D. G. Pestov (University of Illinois) (31). The genomic organization of DAKAP1 was generated with onlinegenomic Blast analysis. Transfection Assay—10T 1/2 ce ...
... marker, mtGFP (30), was a gift from Dr. R. Y. Tsien (University of California, San Diego). The ER targeting marker, ER-GFP was a gift from Dr. D. G. Pestov (University of Illinois) (31). The genomic organization of DAKAP1 was generated with onlinegenomic Blast analysis. Transfection Assay—10T 1/2 ce ...
Functional Analysis of Subunit e of the F1Fo
... studies, from which a 2:1 ratio of Su e subunits to F1Fo-ATP synthase complex was reported (2). A single hydrophobic segment located at the extreme N-terminal region of the Su e protein (approximately residues 4 to 21) is thought to anchor the protein to the inner membrane, where the bulk of the pro ...
... studies, from which a 2:1 ratio of Su e subunits to F1Fo-ATP synthase complex was reported (2). A single hydrophobic segment located at the extreme N-terminal region of the Su e protein (approximately residues 4 to 21) is thought to anchor the protein to the inner membrane, where the bulk of the pro ...
Neuronal Growth Cone Retraction Relies Upon Proneurotrophin
... reduce process outgrowth. ProNGF induced dissociation of Trio from p75NTR and SorCS2 to decrease Rac activity. Concomitantly, PKC is activated in an unknown manner to induce fascin phosphorylation and its dissociation from actin filaments, permitting rapid collapse of the growth cone (Fig. 5D). Trio ...
... reduce process outgrowth. ProNGF induced dissociation of Trio from p75NTR and SorCS2 to decrease Rac activity. Concomitantly, PKC is activated in an unknown manner to induce fascin phosphorylation and its dissociation from actin filaments, permitting rapid collapse of the growth cone (Fig. 5D). Trio ...
Materials - HAL
... FERM domains are commonly found within a family of peripheral membrane proteins that mediate linkage of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane (for review, Chishti et al., 1998; Bretscher, 1999; Mangeat at al., 1999). This family comprises the erythrocyte protein 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin, merli ...
... FERM domains are commonly found within a family of peripheral membrane proteins that mediate linkage of the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane (for review, Chishti et al., 1998; Bretscher, 1999; Mangeat at al., 1999). This family comprises the erythrocyte protein 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin, merli ...
Cytostatic factor: an activity that puts the cell cycle on hold
... was further called into question when Kishimoto and colleagues reported that endogenous Emi1 is undetectable in CSF-arrested Xenopus oocytes (Ohsumi et al., 2004). Furthermore, these authors showed that exogenous Emi1 protein is unstable in maturing oocytes and CSF extracts, that non-degradable vers ...
... was further called into question when Kishimoto and colleagues reported that endogenous Emi1 is undetectable in CSF-arrested Xenopus oocytes (Ohsumi et al., 2004). Furthermore, these authors showed that exogenous Emi1 protein is unstable in maturing oocytes and CSF extracts, that non-degradable vers ...
Glycosylation and Sorting of Secretory Proteins in the Endoplasmic
... 2.1.2 The sorting signal resides in the C-terminal domain of Hsp150 .. 46 2.1.3 Hsp150∆-HRP fusion protein localizes to the ER .....................47 2.1.4 The Hsp150 sorting signal actively mediates ER exit of invertase ...........................................47 2.2 Role of the Sec24p homologue ...
... 2.1.2 The sorting signal resides in the C-terminal domain of Hsp150 .. 46 2.1.3 Hsp150∆-HRP fusion protein localizes to the ER .....................47 2.1.4 The Hsp150 sorting signal actively mediates ER exit of invertase ...........................................47 2.2 Role of the Sec24p homologue ...
Protein sorting at the ER–Golgi interface
... the membrane into a spherical vesicle and populating the vesicle with specific cargo. By coupling cargo selection to vesicle formation, cells can achieve efficient protein sorting as an inbuilt outcome of the transport pathway itself. Coat adaptors recognize sorting signals.Studies on the internali ...
... the membrane into a spherical vesicle and populating the vesicle with specific cargo. By coupling cargo selection to vesicle formation, cells can achieve efficient protein sorting as an inbuilt outcome of the transport pathway itself. Coat adaptors recognize sorting signals.Studies on the internali ...
... 2006). NS2 also has the enzymatic ability of hydrolyzing nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) to nucleotide monophosphates (Horscroft and Roy, 2000; Taraporewala et al., 2001). Although the significance of this activity is not clear, it can be envisaged that genome transportation and packaging are energy ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... contractile units or sarcomeres, which consist of four major components – thin filaments, thick filaments, titin and Zbands. The thin actin/tropomyosin-containing filaments are embedded in the Z-bands and interdigitate with the myosin-containing thick filaments aligned in A-bands. Titin is attached ...
... contractile units or sarcomeres, which consist of four major components – thin filaments, thick filaments, titin and Zbands. The thin actin/tropomyosin-containing filaments are embedded in the Z-bands and interdigitate with the myosin-containing thick filaments aligned in A-bands. Titin is attached ...
The Balance between Cell Division and Endoreplication Depends
... retinoblastoma (RBR)/E2F/DP pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana DPB is regulated by phosphorylation and targeted to proteasome-mediated proteolysis by the SCFSKP2A complex. In addition, DPB interacts in vivo with E2FC, because ectopic coexpression of E2FC and DPB produces severe developmental defects. To ...
... retinoblastoma (RBR)/E2F/DP pathway. Arabidopsis thaliana DPB is regulated by phosphorylation and targeted to proteasome-mediated proteolysis by the SCFSKP2A complex. In addition, DPB interacts in vivo with E2FC, because ectopic coexpression of E2FC and DPB produces severe developmental defects. To ...
Low Catecholamine Concentrations Protect Adult Rat Ventricular
... dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM orthovanadate, 0.1 mM PefablocSC (Interchim, Montluçon, France), 10 g/ml leupeptin, 10 g/ml aprotinin, 10 g/ml pepstatin]. Then, cell debris was pelleted at 10,000g at 4°C for 20 min and protein concentrations in the supernatant were determined by Bio-Rad assay. Equal amou ...
... dithiothreitol, 0.1 mM orthovanadate, 0.1 mM PefablocSC (Interchim, Montluçon, France), 10 g/ml leupeptin, 10 g/ml aprotinin, 10 g/ml pepstatin]. Then, cell debris was pelleted at 10,000g at 4°C for 20 min and protein concentrations in the supernatant were determined by Bio-Rad assay. Equal amou ...
E ect of SB 203580 on the activity of c-Raf in vitro and in vivo
... Mechanism of activation of c-Raf by SB 203580 We have reported previously that PD 98059, a drug that binds to MKK1 and thereby prevents its activation by c-Raf, also stimulates the basal activity of c-Raf several-fold as well as the rate and extent of cRaf activation by PDGF (Alessi et al., 1995a). ...
... Mechanism of activation of c-Raf by SB 203580 We have reported previously that PD 98059, a drug that binds to MKK1 and thereby prevents its activation by c-Raf, also stimulates the basal activity of c-Raf several-fold as well as the rate and extent of cRaf activation by PDGF (Alessi et al., 1995a). ...
A proteomic chronology of gene expression through the cell cycle in
... by centrifugal elutriation (Cho et al., 1998; Spellman et al., 1998). Large-scale transcriptome analyzes have also been performed in mammalian cells, particularly in HeLa cells, to compare mRNA expression levels across the cell cycle (Cho et al., 2001; Whitfield et al., 2002). More recently, several ...
... by centrifugal elutriation (Cho et al., 1998; Spellman et al., 1998). Large-scale transcriptome analyzes have also been performed in mammalian cells, particularly in HeLa cells, to compare mRNA expression levels across the cell cycle (Cho et al., 2001; Whitfield et al., 2002). More recently, several ...
Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces vascular endothelial
... either preformed mediators or cytokines. This effect was mediated through activation of CRH receptor-1 and adenylate cyclase with increased intracellular cAMP. However, the precise mechanism by which CRH induces VEGF secretion has not yet been defined. Here, we show that CRH-induced VEGF release was ...
... either preformed mediators or cytokines. This effect was mediated through activation of CRH receptor-1 and adenylate cyclase with increased intracellular cAMP. However, the precise mechanism by which CRH induces VEGF secretion has not yet been defined. Here, we show that CRH-induced VEGF release was ...
The subunit of voltage sensitive Ca 2+ channels is a single
... section 2) and analyzed on R N A gel presented in Fig. 2A. Both cDNAs and their corresponding cRNAs are detected and their expected sizes confirmed. Protein expression of intact and truncated cz2/5 subunits was tested 6 days after c R N A injection by Western analysis. Two types of antibodies were u ...
... section 2) and analyzed on R N A gel presented in Fig. 2A. Both cDNAs and their corresponding cRNAs are detected and their expected sizes confirmed. Protein expression of intact and truncated cz2/5 subunits was tested 6 days after c R N A injection by Western analysis. Two types of antibodies were u ...
Molecular Characterization of Calymmin, a Novel Notochord Sheath
... Based on these observations, clone c39a was assumed to encode a full-length polypeptide of 1,207 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and a pI of 10.50. A noteworthy feature of the primary sequence is its elevated content in glycine residues (20.2%). The first 20 amino acids in the sequence ...
... Based on these observations, clone c39a was assumed to encode a full-length polypeptide of 1,207 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and a pI of 10.50. A noteworthy feature of the primary sequence is its elevated content in glycine residues (20.2%). The first 20 amino acids in the sequence ...
Structure of Mammalian AMPK and its regulation by ADP
... energy metabolism; in response to a fall in intracellular ATP levels it activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes AMPK has been implicated in a number of diseases related to energy metabolism including type 2 diabetes, obesity and, most recently, cancer AMPK is ...
... energy metabolism; in response to a fall in intracellular ATP levels it activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes AMPK has been implicated in a number of diseases related to energy metabolism including type 2 diabetes, obesity and, most recently, cancer AMPK is ...
Influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA)
... surfactant absorption at interface [2] as well as in relatively complex biological phenomena especially in biological membrane.[3] The understanding of protein - surfactant interactions at molecular level is however complicated since protein are complex biomacromolecules with unique primary structur ...
... surfactant absorption at interface [2] as well as in relatively complex biological phenomena especially in biological membrane.[3] The understanding of protein - surfactant interactions at molecular level is however complicated since protein are complex biomacromolecules with unique primary structur ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
... survival as demonstrated by the existence of sphingolipidoses, human diseases generated by the defects in these pathways [3]. 2.3. Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis Although SLs are essential players in cell homeostasis the regulatory mechanisms controlling this pathway have only recently begun t ...
... survival as demonstrated by the existence of sphingolipidoses, human diseases generated by the defects in these pathways [3]. 2.3. Regulation of sphingolipid synthesis Although SLs are essential players in cell homeostasis the regulatory mechanisms controlling this pathway have only recently begun t ...
The Tobacco Mosaic Virus 126-Kilodalton Protein
... for degradation. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that a host protein, MPB2C, which binds to the MP and colocalizes with it at MTs, interferes with MP cell-to-cell movement (Kragler et al., 2003). Less is known about the role of other cytoskeletal elements during TMV accumulation ...
... for degradation. This conclusion is further supported by the finding that a host protein, MPB2C, which binds to the MP and colocalizes with it at MTs, interferes with MP cell-to-cell movement (Kragler et al., 2003). Less is known about the role of other cytoskeletal elements during TMV accumulation ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.