PLANT CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS
... • The leaf itself maximizes the process by having a broad and flat surface • Cells are arranged in both horizontal and vertical orientations to ensure any penetrating energy is absorbed • To maximize surface area and number of cells, palisade cells are thin and long while mesophyll cells are small i ...
... • The leaf itself maximizes the process by having a broad and flat surface • Cells are arranged in both horizontal and vertical orientations to ensure any penetrating energy is absorbed • To maximize surface area and number of cells, palisade cells are thin and long while mesophyll cells are small i ...
AMA 179 powerpoint
... Internal respiration: exchange of gases in all body cells, oxygen is released into cells from the capillaries and carbon dioxide is sent from the cells into the ...
... Internal respiration: exchange of gases in all body cells, oxygen is released into cells from the capillaries and carbon dioxide is sent from the cells into the ...
Multiple Choice Unit 7 Plants Unit Test A
... ____12. In plant propagation, horticulturists produce plants that are a. genetically different from the parent. b. genetically identical to the parent. c. grown from seeds. d. grown from stolons. ____13. The plant hormone that stimulates the growth of lateral buds is a. auxin. b. cytokinin. c. gibbe ...
... ____12. In plant propagation, horticulturists produce plants that are a. genetically different from the parent. b. genetically identical to the parent. c. grown from seeds. d. grown from stolons. ____13. The plant hormone that stimulates the growth of lateral buds is a. auxin. b. cytokinin. c. gibbe ...
unit 3 – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
... b. Calvin cycle – This cycle begins by incorporating CO2 from the air into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast – carbon fixation. The cycle reduces the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate by adding electrons from the NADPH molecules of the light reactions. This process requires energy ...
... b. Calvin cycle – This cycle begins by incorporating CO2 from the air into organic molecules already present in the chloroplast – carbon fixation. The cycle reduces the fixed carbon into a carbohydrate by adding electrons from the NADPH molecules of the light reactions. This process requires energy ...
The Virtual Woodland
... between species, one with another. If a species is more efficient than another it should be able to command more of an available resource and, accordingly, species have developed strategies (adaptation and variation) to minimise competition. ...
... between species, one with another. If a species is more efficient than another it should be able to command more of an available resource and, accordingly, species have developed strategies (adaptation and variation) to minimise competition. ...
Document
... In most aerobic organisms, pyruvate continues in the formation of Acetyl CoA and NADH that follows into the Krebs cycle and ...
... In most aerobic organisms, pyruvate continues in the formation of Acetyl CoA and NADH that follows into the Krebs cycle and ...
2.4 – Exchanging gases – Further questions and
... because they are used in such minute amounts and for a single application. However nausea, weight and hair loss may occur as a result of radioactive isotopes used in cancer treatments where exposure to an isotope is over a longer period of time. There is a potential risk to the radiographer undertak ...
... because they are used in such minute amounts and for a single application. However nausea, weight and hair loss may occur as a result of radioactive isotopes used in cancer treatments where exposure to an isotope is over a longer period of time. There is a potential risk to the radiographer undertak ...
Everything you need to know about Ecology
... Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. The carrying capacity depends mostly on the availability of abiotic resources, as well as how quickly decomposers can return nutrients to the soil. If the carrying capacity is exceeded, organisms begin dying until the carrying capa ...
... Carrying Capacity: the number of organisms an ecosystem can support. The carrying capacity depends mostly on the availability of abiotic resources, as well as how quickly decomposers can return nutrients to the soil. If the carrying capacity is exceeded, organisms begin dying until the carrying capa ...
Chapter 22 Plant Diversity
... 3. gas exchange – O2 for respiration, CO2 for photosynthesis 4. movement of water and nutrients; plants take up water and minerals through root system, but make food in their leaves *Land plants evolved from green algae. Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land. 1. Challenges of livin ...
... 3. gas exchange – O2 for respiration, CO2 for photosynthesis 4. movement of water and nutrients; plants take up water and minerals through root system, but make food in their leaves *Land plants evolved from green algae. Plants have adaptations that allow them to live on land. 1. Challenges of livin ...
Chapter 9
... • ATP is unstable because the three phosphates in ATP are all negatively charged and repel one another. • When one phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis (the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water), a more stable molecule, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), results. • The change, f ...
... • ATP is unstable because the three phosphates in ATP are all negatively charged and repel one another. • When one phosphate group is removed by hydrolysis (the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water), a more stable molecule, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), results. • The change, f ...
2421_Ch2.ppt
... reactants to products or from products back to reactants When the rate of forward to reverse direction reaction is equal the reaction is said to be in equilibrium For a reaction in equilibrium the ratio of reactants to products remains constant ...
... reactants to products or from products back to reactants When the rate of forward to reverse direction reaction is equal the reaction is said to be in equilibrium For a reaction in equilibrium the ratio of reactants to products remains constant ...
The Body In Motion
... into the blood, where it attaches itself to haemoglobin in the red blood cells. At the same time carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood into the alveoli across the alveolarcapillary wall to be breathed out. This two way diffusion is known as the exchange of gases. ...
... into the blood, where it attaches itself to haemoglobin in the red blood cells. At the same time carbon dioxide is unloaded from the blood into the alveoli across the alveolarcapillary wall to be breathed out. This two way diffusion is known as the exchange of gases. ...
Bio 101
... » Hypotonic- A solution with a lower [ ] of solutes in it than the surrounding solution is said to be hypotonic to its solution » Isotonic- the [ ] of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane » In all of the solutions, water will cross the s.p. membrane to reach equal concentrations. The di ...
... » Hypotonic- A solution with a lower [ ] of solutes in it than the surrounding solution is said to be hypotonic to its solution » Isotonic- the [ ] of solute is the same on both sides of the membrane » In all of the solutions, water will cross the s.p. membrane to reach equal concentrations. The di ...
chapter07
... High proton concentration in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix. During chemiosmosis, the proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP. The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P is called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. A maximum of about 34 ATP mole ...
... High proton concentration in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix. During chemiosmosis, the proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP. The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P is called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. A maximum of about 34 ATP mole ...
Practice Test for BIO 311C
... 35) An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by A) lowering the energy of activation of a reaction. B) supplying the energy to speed up a reaction. C) lowering the ΔG of a reaction. D) increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction. E) changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction. 36) Where is ATP s ...
... 35) An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by A) lowering the energy of activation of a reaction. B) supplying the energy to speed up a reaction. C) lowering the ΔG of a reaction. D) increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction. E) changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction. 36) Where is ATP s ...
Cellular Metabolism - Oklahoma State University–Stillwater
... - Fermentation generates most of its ATP using this process since no oxidative phosphorylation is present. - Level of ATP generation is less than oxidative phosphorylation. - Fermentation:Makes up difference by metabolizing large amounts of material, thus generating large amounts of product. ...
... - Fermentation generates most of its ATP using this process since no oxidative phosphorylation is present. - Level of ATP generation is less than oxidative phosphorylation. - Fermentation:Makes up difference by metabolizing large amounts of material, thus generating large amounts of product. ...
103 topic summary
... Regulation of transcription: the lactose operon (control site and repressors) The genetic code: know how to use table of codons, implications of redundancy Translation: activation of tRNA, initiation and termination Genetic mutations: substitutions and frame shifts and their effects Genetic diseases ...
... Regulation of transcription: the lactose operon (control site and repressors) The genetic code: know how to use table of codons, implications of redundancy Translation: activation of tRNA, initiation and termination Genetic mutations: substitutions and frame shifts and their effects Genetic diseases ...
Parts of the plant and their functions
... food • manufactured in the leaves moves downward through the stem to the roots –used by the plant –stored in stem or root and leaf in the form of sugar, starch or protein. ...
... food • manufactured in the leaves moves downward through the stem to the roots –used by the plant –stored in stem or root and leaf in the form of sugar, starch or protein. ...
The Chemical Level of Organization
... molecules obtained from the diet Metabolites include all molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies Inorganic compounds are small molecules that generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, inorganic acids and ...
... molecules obtained from the diet Metabolites include all molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside our bodies Inorganic compounds are small molecules that generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, inorganic acids and ...
BIO100 KEY CONCEPTS, altitude effects, plants and Hwy 2 (post
... • Terrestrial ecosystems/communities are usually identified by the plants groups they posses. ...
... • Terrestrial ecosystems/communities are usually identified by the plants groups they posses. ...
ap biology – parade though the plants
... 10. What mechanism causes stoma to open when the guard cells are in “good conditions”? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ...
... 10. What mechanism causes stoma to open when the guard cells are in “good conditions”? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... 16. What do you understand by oxidative phosphorylation? Mention the role of subunits involved in complex V 17. Explain the process of glycogenolysis in detail. 18. Elaborate on the process of translation elongation. 19. What are the possible inborn errors of amino acid metabolism? Explain phenyl ke ...
... 16. What do you understand by oxidative phosphorylation? Mention the role of subunits involved in complex V 17. Explain the process of glycogenolysis in detail. 18. Elaborate on the process of translation elongation. 19. What are the possible inborn errors of amino acid metabolism? Explain phenyl ke ...
Macromolecules
... Several amino acids linked together are known as a polypeptide. Denaturing of Proteins: Proteins have a specific structure, which is important for their function. If the structure is distorted or destroyed by heat / ionic concentration / pH change, then the protein is said to be ‘denatured’. Denatur ...
... Several amino acids linked together are known as a polypeptide. Denaturing of Proteins: Proteins have a specific structure, which is important for their function. If the structure is distorted or destroyed by heat / ionic concentration / pH change, then the protein is said to be ‘denatured’. Denatur ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.