Download PLANT CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS

PLANT CELLS, TISSUES AND
ORGANS
1. Label the structure of a plant.
2. Functions of plants that are similar
to animals:
• Exchange gases with their
surroundings
• Internal transportation to move
water and nutrients around
within their bodies
• Reproduction
3. Complete the chart below.
Tissue Type
Description
Dermal Tissue
Outermost covering of the plants
organs
Protects the inner tissues form damage
Controls the exchange of water and gases
between the plant and its environment
Ground Tissue
or
Fundamental
Tissue
Makes up the bulk of plant tissue
Various functions
Perform photosynthesis
Provide support for the plants body
Consists of a series of ducts or
Vascular Tissue vessels
Function
Transports water, nutrients and sugars
throughout the plant
Provides support for the plants body
Cells and Tissues
4. What type of cell is responsible for cell
growth in plants?
•
Meristem cells
5. Name the three types of tissues
found in plants.
•
Dermal, ground and vascular
tissue
6. Which type of cell is responsible for
transporting water and minerals in
plants?
•
Xylem
7. Which type of cell is responsible for
transporting sugars in plants?
•
Phloem
8. Complete the chart below.
Plant
Systems
Description
Structure
(Organ)
Root System
Below
Ground
Roots
Anchor plant into soil
Absorb and transport water and
minerals
Stem
Supports the leaves and flowers
Transport water, minerals and
sugars
Stores food
Leaves
Produce food via photosynthesis
Transpiration
Flowers
Reproductive organ; produces
seeds
Shoot
System
Above
Ground
Primary Functions
9. Figure 3
10. Is there any type of tissue that is absent from any
part of the plant? Explain.
• No, because the plant is interconnected.
Materials needed in the leaves may enter at
the roots etc.
11. Explain the difference between the
epidermal and peridermal tissue.
• Epidermal  thin layer of cells that covers the
surfaces of leaves, stems and roots
• Peridermal  in woody plants; is epidermal
tissue that forms bark on stems and large
roots
12. List and explain 3 specialized functions of the
epidermal tissue system.
• Root hairs  help
absorb water and
minerals
• Wax  called cuticle;
waterproofing
• Chemical irritants 
hair like structure; for
defense
13. What is the role of the plants vascular tissue system?
•
Transportation system that moves water, minerals, and other chemicals around the
plant
14. Where does the vascular tissue system extend in a plant?
•
From roots to leaves
15. What happens to a plant’s vascular system as it grows?
•
New vascular tissues differentiate in the growing tips of the plant
16. What would you compare a plants’ vascular tissue to in a human? Explain.
•
Similar to veins and arteries which transport water, and dissolved substances all
throughout the body.
17. Types of Vascular Tissue. Complete the
following table:
Description
Xylem
Phloe
m
elongated cells, hollow
tubes, with rigid walls, no
cytoplasm, nucleus or other
organelles
elongated cells, are alive
when mature and
functioning
Function
transports water and
dissolved minerals from
roots to leaves and stems
of plant
transports food materials
and hormones throughout
the plant
18. Label the epidermis, phloem, and xylem in
the diagram below.
epidermis
phloem
xylem
19. Explain why it is important for plant leaves to be
waterproof.
• Water is important to a plant; therefore is waterproof to
keep as much water as possible.
20. Explain why the movement of water and minerals in xylem
is always upward.
• Since materials are dissolved through the roots, water must
move upward to deliver these dissolved substances to the
stem and leaves.
Structure
Cuticle
Epidermis
Guard Cells
The Leaf
Description
Function
Waxy, non-cellular, waterproof coating produced by
epidermis
Prevents water loss by evaporation
One cell thick
Outermost layer of leaf
Protects inner cells
Specialized epidermal cells which open and close
stomata
Control gas exchange through stoma

Allow CO2 into plant

Allow O2 and H2O(g) out
Palisade Layer
Layer of densely-packed, column-shaped mesophyll
cells
Site of gas exchange
Spongy Layer
Layer of loosely-spaced mesophyll cells
Site of gas exchange
Vascular bundles containing:
(1) Xylem
(2) Phloem
Xylem – transports water and minerals
Phloem – transports sugars
Veins
The Leaf
• Photosynthesis – the process by which carbon
dioxide enters the leaves of plants and reacts
with water in the presence of sunlight to produce
glucose and oxygen
•
Word Equation: carbon dioxide + water +
light energy  glucose + oxygen
•
Chemical Equation:
energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light
Lilac Leaf
a) Label the cross section of the lilac leaf using the words below.
Cuticle
Palisade layer
Epidermis
Vascular bundle
Mesophyll tissue
Xylem
Spongy layer
Phloem
Stoma
Guard cells
cuticle
epidermis
palisade layer
vascular bundle
mesophyll tissue
spongy layer
stoma
guard cells
Leaf
b) On which part of the leaf do you observe the most stomata?
• The stomata can be observed on the bottom, or lower side, of a leaf
c) Explain how the arrangement of cells in the leaf contributes to the
efficiency of photosynthesis.
• The leaf itself maximizes the process by having a broad and flat
surface
• Cells are arranged in both horizontal and vertical orientations to
ensure any penetrating energy is absorbed
• To maximize surface area and number of cells, palisade cells are
thin and long while mesophyll cells are small in diameter
• The cells are packed with chloroplasts that also increase surface
area for photosynthesis.
Leaf
2. Which organelle is required for photosynthesis to
take place?
• Chloroplast
3. What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
• Sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
4. What are the products of photosynthesis?
• Glucose, oxygen
5. How do the stomata or stomates (singular
stoma) open and close?
• The guard cells fill with water pushing the
stomata open and close when water is lost
from the leaf.
6. Define transpiration.
• Transpiration – the evaporation of water
from leaves.
The Stem
The Stem
1. What are the two
primary functions of the
stem?
• Physical support
• Transportation of water,
nutrients and sugars
2. Label the diagram of
the vascular bundle.
phloem
xylem
The Stem
3. Which vascular tissue is located closer to the epidermis?
• Phloem
4. Describe the structure of xylem cells.
• Xylem cells are long, straw-like tubes or vessels that are dead at maturity
• They have thick cell walls, forming long fibrous pipes through which water
can flow
• The xylem cells are fortified with a hard substance called lignin which
makes them strong, helping keep the plant upright.
5. Describe the structure of phloem cells.
• Phloem cells are made of vertically stacked tubes
• Cell walls are porous, which allows material to be exchanged between the
phloem and neighboring cells.
Root
The Root
1. What are the two primary functions of roots?
• Anchor plant to the ground
• Take up water and minerals from the soil
2. What is the role of the endodermis?
• The endodermis helps control the transport of water
and minerals between the cortex and vascular tissues.
3. What can the cortex cells of the root be used to store?
• Starch
The Root
4. Describe the path of water absorption into the roots of a plant, starting from the
soil.
•
Soil Root hairs (epidermal cells)  cortex  endodermis  pericycle  xylem
5. Describe the difference between a taproot and a fibrous root. Provide an example
for each.
Taproot – one main root that grows larger and thicker than the rest; allows the
plant to reach far underground for water
Eg. dandelion
• Fibrous roots – branched roots that are all about the same size; spread out
horizontally near the surface of the soil
Eg. Yarrow
6. Name one advantage that fibrous roots have over tap roots.
• Fibrous roots provide the plant with a large surface area over which water can be
taken up.
• Fibrous roots also stabilize the soil and help prevent erosion and landslides.
•
The Flower
1. What is the main
function of the flower?
• Reproduction
3. a) What do you call the
male part of the flower?
•
Stamen
b) What do you call the
female part of the flower?
•
Carpel/ pistil
The Flower
4. Complete the following chart.
STRUCTURE
Anther
Filament
Stigma
FUNCTION
The pollen bearing portion of a stamen
The stalk of the stamen which bears the anther.
Often sticky top of carpel, serves as a receptive surface for pollen grains.
Style
The stalk of a carpel, between the stigma and the ovary, through which the
pollen tube grows.
Ovary
Enlarged base of the carpel containing the ovule or ovules. The ovary matures to
become a fruit.
Sepal
Leaf-like structures at flower base, protects young flower bud