BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES
... 1. carbon is used in storage compounds in organisms and in cell formation in organisms 2. carbon is able to form nonpolar covalent bonds with as many as 4 different atoms 3. carbon atoms can form bonds with each other 4. carbon atoms can form long chains B. An organic molecule derives its overall sh ...
... 1. carbon is used in storage compounds in organisms and in cell formation in organisms 2. carbon is able to form nonpolar covalent bonds with as many as 4 different atoms 3. carbon atoms can form bonds with each other 4. carbon atoms can form long chains B. An organic molecule derives its overall sh ...
Lecture III.2 Protists.
... 3. Facilitation of DNA repair when homologous chromosomes pair. • Inherent Cost: A population of parthenogenetic females will increase twice as fast as a comparable population of males and females – “cost of males.” • Many species alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. In these cases, 1. ...
... 3. Facilitation of DNA repair when homologous chromosomes pair. • Inherent Cost: A population of parthenogenetic females will increase twice as fast as a comparable population of males and females – “cost of males.” • Many species alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction. In these cases, 1. ...
DG o
... Can divide metabolism into 4 groups: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides. within each group are a set of pathways arbitrarily set start and end points for ease of learning and reference pathways can take different forms: 1) linear - product of one reaction is substrate for another ...
... Can divide metabolism into 4 groups: carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides. within each group are a set of pathways arbitrarily set start and end points for ease of learning and reference pathways can take different forms: 1) linear - product of one reaction is substrate for another ...
NME2.31 - Energy Production
... One mole of NADH goes through steps 1 to 5 producing 2.5 ATP One mole of FADH2 goes through steps 2 to 5 producing 1.5 ATP Low ATP usage results in an accumulated proton gradient stopping electron transport ...
... One mole of NADH goes through steps 1 to 5 producing 2.5 ATP One mole of FADH2 goes through steps 2 to 5 producing 1.5 ATP Low ATP usage results in an accumulated proton gradient stopping electron transport ...
Getting to Know: Relationships Among Organisms
... interactions with other organisms and the environment. Plants ...
... interactions with other organisms and the environment. Plants ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.)
... The following questions are from the end-of-chapter “Test Your Understanding” section in Chapter 9 of the textbook. 101) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. B) flow of elect ...
... The following questions are from the end-of-chapter “Test Your Understanding” section in Chapter 9 of the textbook. 101) The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the A) oxidation of glucose and other organic compounds. B) flow of elect ...
Week 03 Lecture notes
... stress the bonds to make the reaction more likely to proceed the active site is the site on the enzyme that binds to a reactant the site on the reactant where the enzyme binds is called the binding site ...
... stress the bonds to make the reaction more likely to proceed the active site is the site on the enzyme that binds to a reactant the site on the reactant where the enzyme binds is called the binding site ...
Gas exchange
... Gas exchange refers to the process by which organisms obtain oxygen from their surroundings and remove excess carbon dioxide. Why must an organism carryout gas exchange? ...
... Gas exchange refers to the process by which organisms obtain oxygen from their surroundings and remove excess carbon dioxide. Why must an organism carryout gas exchange? ...
carbon cycle
... • Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules, may be released into the soil or air when the organisms dies. • These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms ...
... • Carbon stored in the bodies of organisms as fat, oils, or other molecules, may be released into the soil or air when the organisms dies. • These molecules may form deposits of coal, oil, or natural gas, which are known as fossil fuels. • Fossil fuels store carbon left over from bodies of organisms ...
File
... the H+ gradient was set-up by the ETC H+ diffuse back into the matrix (down their concentration gradient) through a channel protein called ATP Synthase the energy released from the exergonic flow of H+ ions activates the ATP Synthase (an enzyme) which catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP ...
... the H+ gradient was set-up by the ETC H+ diffuse back into the matrix (down their concentration gradient) through a channel protein called ATP Synthase the energy released from the exergonic flow of H+ ions activates the ATP Synthase (an enzyme) which catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP ...
Respiratory system
... Lungs: they take in oxygen when you inhale and when you exhale you breathe out carbon dioxide. Diaphragm: a muscular, membrane or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity. ...
... Lungs: they take in oxygen when you inhale and when you exhale you breathe out carbon dioxide. Diaphragm: a muscular, membrane or ligamentous wall separating two cavities or limiting a cavity. ...
B1 Glossary - physicsinfo.co.uk
... the range of their resistance, so that although some organisms may be killed, others may be made very ill but recover, while a few may be unaffected Process that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, which all living things use to release energy from food for all their activities Action that ...
... the range of their resistance, so that although some organisms may be killed, others may be made very ill but recover, while a few may be unaffected Process that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, which all living things use to release energy from food for all their activities Action that ...
Chps. 35-38-39 Plant Review-2013
... 22. Which of the following describes how some plants are adapted to arid environments? a. They have evolved alternatives to the Calvin cycle. b. They can liberate carbon dioxide stored in intermediate molecules during the night and fix it during the day even when stomata are closed. c. They can leav ...
... 22. Which of the following describes how some plants are adapted to arid environments? a. They have evolved alternatives to the Calvin cycle. b. They can liberate carbon dioxide stored in intermediate molecules during the night and fix it during the day even when stomata are closed. c. They can leav ...
Unit 2, Module 2 Biochemistry - rev 2012
... production of small subunits called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids, each with a specific side chain of chemicals. Amino acids bond to other amino acids to form a long chain called a protein. These chains of amino acids fold into a particular shape. The shape of a protein will determ ...
... production of small subunits called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids, each with a specific side chain of chemicals. Amino acids bond to other amino acids to form a long chain called a protein. These chains of amino acids fold into a particular shape. The shape of a protein will determ ...
Ecology Study Guide
... Define autotroph and producer and describe how organisms of this nature contribute in an ecosystem’s energy transfer Identify photosynthesis as being a process performed by plants to create energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. Explain how chemosynthesis is different from photosynthesis ...
... Define autotroph and producer and describe how organisms of this nature contribute in an ecosystem’s energy transfer Identify photosynthesis as being a process performed by plants to create energy using water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. Explain how chemosynthesis is different from photosynthesis ...
Cell Respiration
... (against gradient) where high [H+] accumulates (much potential energy in this space). As those H+ move down gradient through ATP synthase, the energy is release and that energy is used to make ATP from ADP ...
... (against gradient) where high [H+] accumulates (much potential energy in this space). As those H+ move down gradient through ATP synthase, the energy is release and that energy is used to make ATP from ADP ...
L23 HH Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle e
... • The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis. The phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis in an energy investment phase and the direct generation of ATP in an energy pay off stage. The first phosphorylation leads to a product that can continue to a number of pathways and the secon ...
... • The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis. The phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis in an energy investment phase and the direct generation of ATP in an energy pay off stage. The first phosphorylation leads to a product that can continue to a number of pathways and the secon ...
Auxins
... Primordial leaves develop into scales and protect the apical bud through the winter. Keeps seeds dormant. Can help plants cope with harsh conditions by closing their stomata. ...
... Primordial leaves develop into scales and protect the apical bud through the winter. Keeps seeds dormant. Can help plants cope with harsh conditions by closing their stomata. ...
Answer Key - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... While the citric acid cycle itself does not produce much ATP, it also produces NADH and FADH2 by reducing NAD+ and FAD. It does so by transferring 8 high-energy electrons from acetyl CoA to three molecules of NAD+ (6 e-) and one molecule of FAD (2 e-). When NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized during ox ...
... While the citric acid cycle itself does not produce much ATP, it also produces NADH and FADH2 by reducing NAD+ and FAD. It does so by transferring 8 high-energy electrons from acetyl CoA to three molecules of NAD+ (6 e-) and one molecule of FAD (2 e-). When NADH and FADH2 are then oxidized during ox ...
Document
... 3. In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. 4. Identify the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 5. Understand the process of glycolysis, and explain why ATP is required for the pr ...
... 3. In general terms, explain the role of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. 4. Identify the three stages of cellular respiration and state the region of the eukaryotic cell where each stage occurs. 5. Understand the process of glycolysis, and explain why ATP is required for the pr ...
Cycle Krebs Worksheet - LTE - IB
... puzzle, which works like this: there will be available some clues about the metabolic pathway that we are studying and about the chemical structure of some compounds of that pathway. The goal of each ...
... puzzle, which works like this: there will be available some clues about the metabolic pathway that we are studying and about the chemical structure of some compounds of that pathway. The goal of each ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.