Electron transport chain
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • NADH and FADH2 – Donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation ...
Amino Acid Oxidation, the Production of Urea, and Amino Acid
... When amino acids are used as precursors for gluconeogenesis (glucose poor state) or when they are present in excess and are going to be converted into fatty acids (energy rich state) the liver is the primary site of amino acids metabolism. The liver uses α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate as the accept ...
... When amino acids are used as precursors for gluconeogenesis (glucose poor state) or when they are present in excess and are going to be converted into fatty acids (energy rich state) the liver is the primary site of amino acids metabolism. The liver uses α-ketoglutarate or oxaloacetate as the accept ...
3-Glycolysis BCH340
... Lactate released to the blood may be taken up by other tissues, or by skeletal muscle after exercise, and converted via Lactate Dehydrogenase back to pyruvate, which may be oxidized in Krebs Cycle or (in liver) converted to back to glucose via ...
... Lactate released to the blood may be taken up by other tissues, or by skeletal muscle after exercise, and converted via Lactate Dehydrogenase back to pyruvate, which may be oxidized in Krebs Cycle or (in liver) converted to back to glucose via ...
Plants
... green algae. This is also the only adaptation shared by all plants. 2. Over time, plants had to evolve from living in water to living on land. In early plants, a waxy layer called a cuticle evolved to help seal water in the plant and prevent water loss. However, the cuticle also prevents gases from ...
... green algae. This is also the only adaptation shared by all plants. 2. Over time, plants had to evolve from living in water to living on land. In early plants, a waxy layer called a cuticle evolved to help seal water in the plant and prevent water loss. However, the cuticle also prevents gases from ...
plant responses to defoliation: a physiological, morphological and
... rate within 2 hours following defoliation (Clement et al. 1978). In these experiments, NO3- absorption continued to decline over the next 4-12 hours until it became negligible for 2 or 7 days before recovery began under high and low light intensities, respectively. NO3- absorption did not resume unt ...
... rate within 2 hours following defoliation (Clement et al. 1978). In these experiments, NO3- absorption continued to decline over the next 4-12 hours until it became negligible for 2 or 7 days before recovery began under high and low light intensities, respectively. NO3- absorption did not resume unt ...
Leaf is a thin, flat, green exogenous appendage of stem. The order
... Leaf base:- The basal part of the petiole which attaches the leaf with the stem at the node is called leaf base. Stipule:- The small, green, lateral appendages present on either side of the leaf base are called stipules. Stipules protect the leaf in bud condition. Deciduous stipules:- Stipules drop ...
... Leaf base:- The basal part of the petiole which attaches the leaf with the stem at the node is called leaf base. Stipule:- The small, green, lateral appendages present on either side of the leaf base are called stipules. Stipules protect the leaf in bud condition. Deciduous stipules:- Stipules drop ...
Carbohydrate Reserves of Grasses: A Review
... affects the regrowth rate for the first 2 to 7 days following herbage removal. Following the initial period, plant regrowth rate depends on other factors, such as leaf area and nutrient uptake. This initial effect from the level of carbohydrate reserves can be maintained during subsequent exponentia ...
... affects the regrowth rate for the first 2 to 7 days following herbage removal. Following the initial period, plant regrowth rate depends on other factors, such as leaf area and nutrient uptake. This initial effect from the level of carbohydrate reserves can be maintained during subsequent exponentia ...
O A RIGINAL RTICLES
... decreased and reached to 3.2% compared with plants irrigated with fresh water. The reduction in stem length might be due to that salinity decreased the cell division and elongation and meristemic activity (Rug et al (1963) and Bolus et al (1972). Data in Tables (3 and 4) indicated that the highest v ...
... decreased and reached to 3.2% compared with plants irrigated with fresh water. The reduction in stem length might be due to that salinity decreased the cell division and elongation and meristemic activity (Rug et al (1963) and Bolus et al (1972). Data in Tables (3 and 4) indicated that the highest v ...
Chapter 5
... • List the three stages of the carbon cycle. • Describe where fossil fuels are located. • Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle. • List the tree stages of the nitrogen cycle. • Describe the role that nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle. • Explain how the excess ...
... • List the three stages of the carbon cycle. • Describe where fossil fuels are located. • Identify one way that humans are affecting the carbon cycle. • List the tree stages of the nitrogen cycle. • Describe the role that nitrogen-fixing bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle. • Explain how the excess ...
Plant Mitochondrial Electron Transfer and Molecular
... the controlled oxidation of metabolites containing reduced carbon to produce carbon dioxide and water as the final products (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991).Severa1 types of reduced carbon compounds, including fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids, can serve as the primary reducing substrates for plant ...
... the controlled oxidation of metabolites containing reduced carbon to produce carbon dioxide and water as the final products (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991).Severa1 types of reduced carbon compounds, including fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids, can serve as the primary reducing substrates for plant ...
Chemistry 133 Problem Set Introduction
... 1.77 Highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has many industrial uses. As little as 1.0 × 10 –5 g/L is cause for concern. Calculate the number of grams of HCN at 1.0 × 10–5 g/L is in a room measuring 25 ft × 22 ft × 8.0 ft. 1.78 Nickel tetracarbonyl is one of the most toxic substances known. The recomme ...
... 1.77 Highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has many industrial uses. As little as 1.0 × 10 –5 g/L is cause for concern. Calculate the number of grams of HCN at 1.0 × 10–5 g/L is in a room measuring 25 ft × 22 ft × 8.0 ft. 1.78 Nickel tetracarbonyl is one of the most toxic substances known. The recomme ...
Plant Mitochondrial Electron Transfer and Molecular
... the controlled oxidation of metabolites containing reduced carbon to produce carbon dioxide and water as the final products (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991).Severa1 types of reduced carbon compounds, including fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids, can serve as the primary reducing substrates for plant ...
... the controlled oxidation of metabolites containing reduced carbon to produce carbon dioxide and water as the final products (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991).Severa1 types of reduced carbon compounds, including fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids, can serve as the primary reducing substrates for plant ...
Response of Sagebrush Steppe Species to Elevated
... species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the ...
... species important to this ecosystem. Since the response of plants to elevated CO2 may be limited by environmental factors, soil temperature was also examined to determine if low soil temperatures limit CO2 response. To determine how CO2 and soil temperature affect the growth of species native to the ...
WJEC s13-biology1
... Marking details (i) sucrose is produced in (photosynthesising) leaf/ leaves ...
... Marking details (i) sucrose is produced in (photosynthesising) leaf/ leaves ...
Module E Oxygen Transport and Internal - Macomb
... Ferrous to Ferric (loses an electron, Fe+3) Normal levels are less than 1%. Usually associated with excessive nitrate ingestion. ...
... Ferrous to Ferric (loses an electron, Fe+3) Normal levels are less than 1%. Usually associated with excessive nitrate ingestion. ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.