Human Anatomy and Physiology Preparatory Course
... on their function, (for example muscle cells use a lot of energy and therefore have many mitochondria while skin cells do not and have few mitochondria). As in other multicellular organisms, cells in the human body are organized into tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together t ...
... on their function, (for example muscle cells use a lot of energy and therefore have many mitochondria while skin cells do not and have few mitochondria). As in other multicellular organisms, cells in the human body are organized into tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together t ...
Carbon conversion efficiency and central - Shachar
... isolated from heterotrophic tissues require added ATP for maximal rates of fatty acids synthesis (Browse and Slack, 1985; Hill and Smith, 1991; Kang and Rawsthorne, 1996; Kleppinger-Sparace et al., 1992; Neuhaus et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1992). Rawsthorne (2002) gives an overview of the carbon and ...
... isolated from heterotrophic tissues require added ATP for maximal rates of fatty acids synthesis (Browse and Slack, 1985; Hill and Smith, 1991; Kang and Rawsthorne, 1996; Kleppinger-Sparace et al., 1992; Neuhaus et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1992). Rawsthorne (2002) gives an overview of the carbon and ...
Physiological integration of roots and shoots in plant defense
... et al. 2006). In these cases, the sink strength of roots is elevated when leaves are attacked, thereby increasing belowground allocation of plant metabolites. Nutritional resources can then be re-allocated at a later time for aboveground growth and ⁄ or reproduction. The logic underlying the resista ...
... et al. 2006). In these cases, the sink strength of roots is elevated when leaves are attacked, thereby increasing belowground allocation of plant metabolites. Nutritional resources can then be re-allocated at a later time for aboveground growth and ⁄ or reproduction. The logic underlying the resista ...
Give 3 advantages of having a wide range of plants
... ANS In starch (a storage carbohydrate) or in cellulose (a structural carbohydrate) or glucose (an energy source) ...
... ANS In starch (a storage carbohydrate) or in cellulose (a structural carbohydrate) or glucose (an energy source) ...
Autocatalytic Sets in E. coli Metabolism
... split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed by the same catalyst. This does not affect the network structure in any way, but in some cases makes it more amenable to the RAF analysis; vii) If a reaction requires more than one catalytic molecule and all catalysts n ...
... split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed by the same catalyst. This does not affect the network structure in any way, but in some cases makes it more amenable to the RAF analysis; vii) If a reaction requires more than one catalytic molecule and all catalysts n ...
Kappa Magnus L 20170508
... intermediate is preceded by one (halogenation) or two (nitration) π-complex intermediates. Whereas the rate-determining transition state (TS) for nitration resembles the second π-complex, the corresponding chlorination TS is much closer to the σ-complex. The last step, the expulsion of the proton, i ...
... intermediate is preceded by one (halogenation) or two (nitration) π-complex intermediates. Whereas the rate-determining transition state (TS) for nitration resembles the second π-complex, the corresponding chlorination TS is much closer to the σ-complex. The last step, the expulsion of the proton, i ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
... So now we have to go on in our further steps. This is the part (Refer Slide Time: 15:00) where we have the dithiol that undergoes oxidation and reduction. One important thing of this is this dithiol reacts with the lipoic acid with the lysine of the…Where is this lysine? It is present in E2 and thi ...
finalcarbohydrat met..
... are transformed into glucose. B.Two mechanisms are responsible for absorption of monosaccharides: active transport (against concentration gradient i.e. from low to high concentration) and passive transport (by facilitated diffusion). C. For active transport to take place, the structure of sugar shou ...
... are transformed into glucose. B.Two mechanisms are responsible for absorption of monosaccharides: active transport (against concentration gradient i.e. from low to high concentration) and passive transport (by facilitated diffusion). C. For active transport to take place, the structure of sugar shou ...
Regulation of Primary Metabolism in Response to
... cycle also contribute to the production of key metabolic intermediates for use in many other fundamental biosynthetic processes elsewhere in the cell (Fernie et al., 2004; Sweetlove et al., 2010; van Dongen et al., 2011; Araújo et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the control and regulation of the carbon flu ...
... cycle also contribute to the production of key metabolic intermediates for use in many other fundamental biosynthetic processes elsewhere in the cell (Fernie et al., 2004; Sweetlove et al., 2010; van Dongen et al., 2011; Araújo et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the control and regulation of the carbon flu ...
WRL3116.tmp
... C. * Interactions between polar functional groups on the substrate surface and hydrophobic amino acids in the enzyme’s substrate binding site. D. A and b E. A and c 71. Which of the following is characteristic of an enzyme catalyst? A. It positions reactants in the correct orientation B. It lowers t ...
... C. * Interactions between polar functional groups on the substrate surface and hydrophobic amino acids in the enzyme’s substrate binding site. D. A and b E. A and c 71. Which of the following is characteristic of an enzyme catalyst? A. It positions reactants in the correct orientation B. It lowers t ...
Electron transport chain…
... – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient – The combined chemical and electr ...
... – electron transport chain organized so protons move outward from the mitochondrial matrix as electrons are transported down the chain – proton expulsion during electron transport results in the formation of a concentration gradient of protons and a charge gradient – The combined chemical and electr ...
Early bioenergetic evolution
... of what kind of organic products? Shock and co-workers have studied the question of organic synthesis at hydrothermal vents from the thermodynamic standpoint, and what they find is encouraging from an origin-of-life perspective (reviewed in [14]). They find that CO2 reduction and organic synthesis i ...
... of what kind of organic products? Shock and co-workers have studied the question of organic synthesis at hydrothermal vents from the thermodynamic standpoint, and what they find is encouraging from an origin-of-life perspective (reviewed in [14]). They find that CO2 reduction and organic synthesis i ...
Chapter 15
... glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. ...
... glycolysis that generates NADPH and pentoses. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. ...
Mechanism of Thymidylate Synthase, Cont`d
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
... Dehydrogenase • GAPDH is one of the key enzymes for glycolysis, reversibly catalyzes the first glycolytic reaction to involve oxidation-reduction • It converts the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) into the high energy phosphate compound, 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), using NAD+ as a cofactor • BPG ...
Impaired glycogen synthesis causes metabolic
... synthesis. First knockout mutagenesis of AGPase and glycogen synthase in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and of AGPase in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 revealed a role for AGPase and glycogen in acclimation and tolerance to salt and oxidative stress (Miao et al., 2003a; Suzuki et al., 2010). However, ...
... synthesis. First knockout mutagenesis of AGPase and glycogen synthase in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 and of AGPase in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 revealed a role for AGPase and glycogen in acclimation and tolerance to salt and oxidative stress (Miao et al., 2003a; Suzuki et al., 2010). However, ...
Lesson Overview
... organisms that eat them, and are therefore essential to the flow of energy through the biosphere. For example, plants obtain energy from sunlight and turn it into nutrients that can be eaten and used for energy by animals such as a caterpillar. ...
... organisms that eat them, and are therefore essential to the flow of energy through the biosphere. For example, plants obtain energy from sunlight and turn it into nutrients that can be eaten and used for energy by animals such as a caterpillar. ...
Chapter One: Characteristics Of Living Organisms
... found out that the smallest unit of a matter is called an atom. An elements is extremely pure because it is made up of only one type of atoms. For example a pure gold ring has only the element Gold (Au) in it. Compounds are very pure too, a compound is made up of one type of a particle called molecu ...
... found out that the smallest unit of a matter is called an atom. An elements is extremely pure because it is made up of only one type of atoms. For example a pure gold ring has only the element Gold (Au) in it. Compounds are very pure too, a compound is made up of one type of a particle called molecu ...
Mod2/3-B Lake Ecology
... Photosynthetic – using light energy to fix CO2 Plants (aerobic); certain anaerobic bacteria Chemosynthetic – using chemical energy to fix ...
... Photosynthetic – using light energy to fix CO2 Plants (aerobic); certain anaerobic bacteria Chemosynthetic – using chemical energy to fix ...
Comparative genomic analysis of carbon and nitrogen assimilation
... The employment of microorganisms for metal recovery from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates and secondary materials, has developed into a successful and expanding area of biotechnology. In association with this interest, microbial communities of extreme acidophilic prokaryotes from bioleaching ...
... The employment of microorganisms for metal recovery from low-grade ores and mineral concentrates and secondary materials, has developed into a successful and expanding area of biotechnology. In association with this interest, microbial communities of extreme acidophilic prokaryotes from bioleaching ...
Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators
... (with bacteria, fungi and invertebrates also present). Under high light conditions, the biofilm may become dominated by extensive growths of filamentous algae – forming a periphyton community (Fig. 2.23). Attached algae may also be fixed to living organisms as epiphytes – including higher plants (Fi ...
... (with bacteria, fungi and invertebrates also present). Under high light conditions, the biofilm may become dominated by extensive growths of filamentous algae – forming a periphyton community (Fig. 2.23). Attached algae may also be fixed to living organisms as epiphytes – including higher plants (Fi ...
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
... mycorrhizae, and their benefits to both plants and fungi in more detail in Chapter 31. For now, the main point is that mycorrhizal fungi form extensive networks of filaments through the soil, enabling them to absorb nutrients more effectively than a plant can on its own. The fungi transfer nutrients t ...
... mycorrhizae, and their benefits to both plants and fungi in more detail in Chapter 31. For now, the main point is that mycorrhizal fungi form extensive networks of filaments through the soil, enabling them to absorb nutrients more effectively than a plant can on its own. The fungi transfer nutrients t ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.