Ch. 20 Tricarboxylic acid cyle Student Learning Outcomes
... • TCA cycle accounts for about 2/3 of ATP generated from fuel oxidation • Enyzmes are all located in mitochondrial • Acetyl CoA is substrate for TCA cycle: • Generates CO2, NADH, FAD(2H), GTP • e- from NADH, FAD(2H) to electron-transport chain. • Enzymes need many cofactors • Intermediates of TCA cy ...
... • TCA cycle accounts for about 2/3 of ATP generated from fuel oxidation • Enyzmes are all located in mitochondrial • Acetyl CoA is substrate for TCA cycle: • Generates CO2, NADH, FAD(2H), GTP • e- from NADH, FAD(2H) to electron-transport chain. • Enzymes need many cofactors • Intermediates of TCA cy ...
Tutorial Kit (Applied Biology-200 L)
... 1a. Highlight 8 physico-chemical properties of water and the roles they play in plant. (8 marks) Polarity and high dielectric constant make it serves as universal solvent for salts and many non-ionizable organic but polar molecules Acts as electron and proton donor in photosynthesis for the prod ...
... 1a. Highlight 8 physico-chemical properties of water and the roles they play in plant. (8 marks) Polarity and high dielectric constant make it serves as universal solvent for salts and many non-ionizable organic but polar molecules Acts as electron and proton donor in photosynthesis for the prod ...
ppt
... TCA cycle intermediates - biosynthesis precursors • Liver ‘open cycle’ high efflux of intermediates: • Specific transporters inner mitochondrial membrane for pyruvate, citrate, a-KG, malate, ADP, ATP. ...
... TCA cycle intermediates - biosynthesis precursors • Liver ‘open cycle’ high efflux of intermediates: • Specific transporters inner mitochondrial membrane for pyruvate, citrate, a-KG, malate, ADP, ATP. ...
발효화학-8.
... 8.1 Electron acceptors used in anaerobic metabolism 8.1.1 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Ana ...
... 8.1 Electron acceptors used in anaerobic metabolism 8.1.1 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration Respiration : the reduction of oxygen by electrons from the electron transport chains coupled to the generation of a proton motive force through electron transport phosphorylation (ETP, Sec.5.*) Ana ...
Lab 6 - CELLULAR RESPIRATION: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... energy in the form of ATP for cell use. The process that converts the energy in food molecules into the energy of ATP is known as cellular respiration. Our current understanding of the respiration process suggests that there are several independent but interconnected stages involved. These include: ...
... energy in the form of ATP for cell use. The process that converts the energy in food molecules into the energy of ATP is known as cellular respiration. Our current understanding of the respiration process suggests that there are several independent but interconnected stages involved. These include: ...
SHOOT SYSTEM
... 7.1.9 Secondary growth in stem You have learnt in lesson 6 about the secondary growth in dicot roots and its importance, let us study it in stem. It occurs only in dicot stem a little away from the shoot apex and helps the plant to (a) grow in girth (thickness) and (b) makes it very strong to stand ...
... 7.1.9 Secondary growth in stem You have learnt in lesson 6 about the secondary growth in dicot roots and its importance, let us study it in stem. It occurs only in dicot stem a little away from the shoot apex and helps the plant to (a) grow in girth (thickness) and (b) makes it very strong to stand ...
Airway Management and Oxygenation ChApter 6
... The body’s need for oxygen is dynamic, meaning it changes constantly. The respiratory system must be able to accommodate these changes in oxygen demand by altering the rate and depth of ventilation. Such changes are regulated primarily by the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, which is directly related ...
... The body’s need for oxygen is dynamic, meaning it changes constantly. The respiratory system must be able to accommodate these changes in oxygen demand by altering the rate and depth of ventilation. Such changes are regulated primarily by the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, which is directly related ...
10.25-11.3.11 Glycolysis
... by equilibrium; the ratio of ATP to ADP+Pi in some cells is as high as 200/1 rather than 1/200,000. •This means that a cell can be far from equilibrium w.r. to this ratio, and now, through metabolism, we are going to make EVEN MORE ATP. •Under these conditions, thermodynamics wants the system instea ...
... by equilibrium; the ratio of ATP to ADP+Pi in some cells is as high as 200/1 rather than 1/200,000. •This means that a cell can be far from equilibrium w.r. to this ratio, and now, through metabolism, we are going to make EVEN MORE ATP. •Under these conditions, thermodynamics wants the system instea ...
Quantitative RT–PCR Platform to Measure Transcript Levels of C
... The Earth’s mean surface temperature is expected to increase throughout the 21st century as atmospheric [CO2] rises, with estimates depending on climate change emissions scenarios (IPCC 2013). Global climate change will pose an additional challenge to food security by significantly modifying the cro ...
... The Earth’s mean surface temperature is expected to increase throughout the 21st century as atmospheric [CO2] rises, with estimates depending on climate change emissions scenarios (IPCC 2013). Global climate change will pose an additional challenge to food security by significantly modifying the cro ...
Gluconeogenesis by Dr Tarek
... non-carbohydrate precursors • In other words: – Create new glucose from the products of its breakdown ...
... non-carbohydrate precursors • In other words: – Create new glucose from the products of its breakdown ...
Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress, and Diseases
... As mentioned above, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is not a free radical, but it may be considered as an oxidant. Per se, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is little reactive. Its reactivity in biological systems depends on two properties: • first, it can diffuse long distances crossing membranes • second, it reac ...
... As mentioned above, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is not a free radical, but it may be considered as an oxidant. Per se, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is little reactive. Its reactivity in biological systems depends on two properties: • first, it can diffuse long distances crossing membranes • second, it reac ...
Comparison between diploid and tetraploid citrus
... In a laboratory, the fruits collected were washed and disinfected by being immersed in alcohol 70% for 10 minutes, and afterwards being immersed in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (2% of active ingredient) for five minutes and a triple wash with autoclaved deionized water. Afterwards, the fruits w ...
... In a laboratory, the fruits collected were washed and disinfected by being immersed in alcohol 70% for 10 minutes, and afterwards being immersed in a solution of sodium hypochlorite (2% of active ingredient) for five minutes and a triple wash with autoclaved deionized water. Afterwards, the fruits w ...
Ch13.doc
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
Sulfite Oxidase Activity Is Essential for Normal Sulfur, Nitrogen and
... nitrogen and carbon metabolisms [3]. Catabolic processes induced by nutrient deprivation and senescence result in plant metabolism rebalancing [2,4]. These processes include a decrease in cellular carbohydrate levels and respiration rate, breakdown of proteins, membrane lipids, nucleic acids, polysa ...
... nitrogen and carbon metabolisms [3]. Catabolic processes induced by nutrient deprivation and senescence result in plant metabolism rebalancing [2,4]. These processes include a decrease in cellular carbohydrate levels and respiration rate, breakdown of proteins, membrane lipids, nucleic acids, polysa ...
Selected Solutions to End of Chapter 13 Problems
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
... below, -32.5kJ/mole in the EOC problem) which is clearly more than ATP + H2O ADP + Pi (30 kJ/mole) which means the usually ATP hydrolysis reaction can not drive the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate + CoA. So, now check out Table 13-6, see below.. The ΔGo’ for ATP + H2O AMP + PPi is -45.6 kJ/ ...
aq - Haverford Alchemy
... the ions that each contains. We then correlate these charged ionic species with the ones shown in the diagram. Solve: The diagram shows twice as many cations as anions, consistent with the formulation K 2SO4. Aqueous Check: Notice that the total net charge in the diagram is zero, as it must be if it ...
... the ions that each contains. We then correlate these charged ionic species with the ones shown in the diagram. Solve: The diagram shows twice as many cations as anions, consistent with the formulation K 2SO4. Aqueous Check: Notice that the total net charge in the diagram is zero, as it must be if it ...
respiration - A-level Biology Tutor
... stem of the question. In (d) (iii) very few knew that the electron carrier system involving NAD has three pumps whereas that involving FAD has two pumps. This comment originally referred to question 6 on paper 1074/01 (24/01/2011) ...
... stem of the question. In (d) (iii) very few knew that the electron carrier system involving NAD has three pumps whereas that involving FAD has two pumps. This comment originally referred to question 6 on paper 1074/01 (24/01/2011) ...
Characterization and the role of carbonic anhydrase
... I. Introduction In cyanobacteria, for the carbon concentrating mechanism to function, there is an absolute requirement for carbonic anhydrase activity within the carboxysome to convert the bicarbonate to carbon dioxide, and a simultaneous requirement that minimal carbonic anhydrase activity be found ...
... I. Introduction In cyanobacteria, for the carbon concentrating mechanism to function, there is an absolute requirement for carbonic anhydrase activity within the carboxysome to convert the bicarbonate to carbon dioxide, and a simultaneous requirement that minimal carbonic anhydrase activity be found ...
Free Energies of Cavity and Noncavity Hydrated Electrons at the
... different from that in our previous work where the GDS was used to characterize the interface (compare Figure 1 this Letter and Figure 4a in ref 24). When the GDS is used, instantaneous fluctuations in the height of the interface smear out the barrier, leaving only a free-energy plateau below the inte ...
... different from that in our previous work where the GDS was used to characterize the interface (compare Figure 1 this Letter and Figure 4a in ref 24). When the GDS is used, instantaneous fluctuations in the height of the interface smear out the barrier, leaving only a free-energy plateau below the inte ...
chapter_07_lecture
... • Functions to protect tissues inside leaves • Waste materials may accumulate in epidermal ...
... • Functions to protect tissues inside leaves • Waste materials may accumulate in epidermal ...
CHEM 121 Chp 5 Spaulding
... The formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a compound, reported in atomic mass units The molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance, reported in grams ◦ The value of the molar mass of a compound in grams equals the value of its formula weight in ...
... The formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a compound, reported in atomic mass units The molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance, reported in grams ◦ The value of the molar mass of a compound in grams equals the value of its formula weight in ...
Evolutionary ecology of carnivorous plants
... nutrients and abundant light. However, many carnivorous plants, including pitcher plants and bladderworts, produce leaves that photosynthesize but do not capture prey, or produce traps that photosynthesize little or not at all. Plants with nonphotosynthetic carnivorous structures should have differe ...
... nutrients and abundant light. However, many carnivorous plants, including pitcher plants and bladderworts, produce leaves that photosynthesize but do not capture prey, or produce traps that photosynthesize little or not at all. Plants with nonphotosynthetic carnivorous structures should have differe ...
Review populations, elucidating how changes in fitness affect
... nutrients and abundant light. However, many carnivorous plants, including pitcher plants and bladderworts, produce leaves that photosynthesize but do not capture prey, or produce traps that photosynthesize little or not at all. Plants with nonphotosynthetic carnivorous structures should have differe ...
... nutrients and abundant light. However, many carnivorous plants, including pitcher plants and bladderworts, produce leaves that photosynthesize but do not capture prey, or produce traps that photosynthesize little or not at all. Plants with nonphotosynthetic carnivorous structures should have differe ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.