The Origin of Life on Earth
... The final steps in the origin of life are the subject of endless speculations. In some way, organic molecules were surrounded by a membranelike structure, self-replication occurred, and DNA became established as the genetic material. A “chicken-or-the-egg” paradox emerges if DNA was the first geneti ...
... The final steps in the origin of life are the subject of endless speculations. In some way, organic molecules were surrounded by a membranelike structure, self-replication occurred, and DNA became established as the genetic material. A “chicken-or-the-egg” paradox emerges if DNA was the first geneti ...
Name ______ Period ______________ Date ______________
... 2. What is the role of ATP? ATP is the form of energy that your cells can utilize. 3. What products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in cellular respiration? Glucose and oxygen 4. What happens during the process of glycolysis? Glucose is partially broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The ...
... 2. What is the role of ATP? ATP is the form of energy that your cells can utilize. 3. What products of photosynthesis are used as reactants in cellular respiration? Glucose and oxygen 4. What happens during the process of glycolysis? Glucose is partially broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate. The ...
Cellular Respiration
... muscles make energy using lactic acid fermentation. The by product of this fermentation is 2ATP and lactic acid. ...
... muscles make energy using lactic acid fermentation. The by product of this fermentation is 2ATP and lactic acid. ...
The Nature of Matter
... and oxygen (C,H,O,N) Are polymers of amino acids (a.k.a. “the building blocks of proteins”). Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (Enzymes are proteins). Some are used to form bone and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight diseases. ...
... and oxygen (C,H,O,N) Are polymers of amino acids (a.k.a. “the building blocks of proteins”). Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (Enzymes are proteins). Some are used to form bone and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight diseases. ...
p134
... (b) An electrochemical gradient is created during electron transport as the enzyme complexes move protons from NADH and FADH2 into the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space becomes an H+ reservoir because the membrane is almost impermeable to protons. There is, therefore, a much higher conce ...
... (b) An electrochemical gradient is created during electron transport as the enzyme complexes move protons from NADH and FADH2 into the intermembrane space. The intermembrane space becomes an H+ reservoir because the membrane is almost impermeable to protons. There is, therefore, a much higher conce ...
Autotrophy A
... Chloroflexus (Herter et al. 2002). A succinyl CoA molecule is synthesized from acetyl CoA and two bicarbonate molecules (Fig. 1d). Although uses the same intermediates as the hydroxypropionatehydroxybutirate cycle (see below), most of the participating enzymes are different. The final product of the ...
... Chloroflexus (Herter et al. 2002). A succinyl CoA molecule is synthesized from acetyl CoA and two bicarbonate molecules (Fig. 1d). Although uses the same intermediates as the hydroxypropionatehydroxybutirate cycle (see below), most of the participating enzymes are different. The final product of the ...
Classification of Kingdoms Lab
... ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Haeckel create the Protist Kingdom? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ...
... ________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Haeckel create the Protist Kingdom? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ...
Ecology outline 4 - Madison County Schools
... CO2 to aid in the development of sugars during photosynthesis. These sugars, which contain the carbon (C6H12O6) are ...
... CO2 to aid in the development of sugars during photosynthesis. These sugars, which contain the carbon (C6H12O6) are ...
Cellular Respiration - Mrs. Brenner`s Biology
... Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD ...
... Lactic acid vs. Alcoholic Fermentation • Yeasts + other organisms • pyruvic acid +NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD ...
LECTURE 9 – 20th March 2015
... - Adenine unit with ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups - The bonds that hold the phosphate groups are high-energy bonds, so when one of the phosphate groups is broken off, the energy released can be used by cell to do something. - Example: Substrate A broken down to its product, energy is being ...
... - Adenine unit with ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups - The bonds that hold the phosphate groups are high-energy bonds, so when one of the phosphate groups is broken off, the energy released can be used by cell to do something. - Example: Substrate A broken down to its product, energy is being ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... 1. Competitive inhibition – substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site 2. Feedback inhibition – concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme 3. Feedback repression – inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of ...
... 1. Competitive inhibition – substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site 2. Feedback inhibition – concentration of product at the end of a pathway blocks the action of a key enzyme 3. Feedback repression – inhibits at the genetic level by controlling synthesis of ...
Cycles in Matter
... Oxygen is used in respiration by all multicellular forms of life, and many single-celled organisms as well. ...
... Oxygen is used in respiration by all multicellular forms of life, and many single-celled organisms as well. ...
Energy Production
... Glucose (C6H12O6) is split and oxidized through a ten step pathway to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) Net gain of 2 ATP molecules, 4 from energy conserving phase (by substrate level phosphorylation) minus 2 from preparatory phase 2 NADH molecules produced Pyruvic acid can now undergo either f ...
... Glucose (C6H12O6) is split and oxidized through a ten step pathway to two molecules of pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) Net gain of 2 ATP molecules, 4 from energy conserving phase (by substrate level phosphorylation) minus 2 from preparatory phase 2 NADH molecules produced Pyruvic acid can now undergo either f ...
15_intro-to
... nonequilibrium process can perform work • The flux of intermediates in a pathway is set by the rate-determining step ...
... nonequilibrium process can perform work • The flux of intermediates in a pathway is set by the rate-determining step ...
03_EcologyPP
... – Abiotic Factors- Any nonliving part of the environment that may effect the organism. • Examples- sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil conditions, or water currents ...
... – Abiotic Factors- Any nonliving part of the environment that may effect the organism. • Examples- sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind, soil conditions, or water currents ...
Unit 2 Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology
... organisms, cannot make own food Decomposer: breaks down dead or decaying organisms, recycles matter ...
... organisms, cannot make own food Decomposer: breaks down dead or decaying organisms, recycles matter ...
Cellular Energy Part II - Effingham County Schools
... II. ______________________ – getting energy from food without oxygen – occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. A. Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation 1. ______________________ - produces alcohol; Bacteria and yeast eat sugar and release alcohol as waste. Used to make bread, ...
... II. ______________________ – getting energy from food without oxygen – occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. A. Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation 1. ______________________ - produces alcohol; Bacteria and yeast eat sugar and release alcohol as waste. Used to make bread, ...
Electron Carriers
... FADH2 1 molecule of ATP is formed via substrate-level phosphorylation Note these numbers are per cycle. For each glucose molecule you have two cycles. ...
... FADH2 1 molecule of ATP is formed via substrate-level phosphorylation Note these numbers are per cycle. For each glucose molecule you have two cycles. ...
Biologically Important Molecules
... There are two types of compounds (substances that contain more than one type of element): ...
... There are two types of compounds (substances that contain more than one type of element): ...
Bacterial oxygen requirement & anearobic bacteria
... Introduction • Bacteria in various environments have different behavior with oxygen according the enzymatic system which bacteria own. • Oxygen Species is harmful if : 1- bacteria have no enzyme system to eliminate it. 2- Oxygen Species concentration is very high in media or air. ...
... Introduction • Bacteria in various environments have different behavior with oxygen according the enzymatic system which bacteria own. • Oxygen Species is harmful if : 1- bacteria have no enzyme system to eliminate it. 2- Oxygen Species concentration is very high in media or air. ...
Introduction to Metabolism
... Obligate anaerobes- are poisoned by oxygen. Facultative – Some organisms can live in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. They are called faculatives. Examples are yeast and E. coli. III. Nitrogen All living things require nitrogen. Most animals obtain nitrogen from amino acids. Plants are able t ...
... Obligate anaerobes- are poisoned by oxygen. Facultative – Some organisms can live in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. They are called faculatives. Examples are yeast and E. coli. III. Nitrogen All living things require nitrogen. Most animals obtain nitrogen from amino acids. Plants are able t ...
NTI Day 9 - Russell County Schools
... There are two types of compounds (substances that contain more than one type of element): ...
... There are two types of compounds (substances that contain more than one type of element): ...
Chapter 7: Where it Starts – Photosynthesis
... - This type of photosystem uses ___________ photophosphorylation - ________ is split by _______ energy, and an e- enters the chlorophyll _____ - The chlorophyll’s original ____ is used to form ___________ - _______ is also formed; this is a much more __________ use of the energy (cyclic, light, wate ...
... - This type of photosystem uses ___________ photophosphorylation - ________ is split by _______ energy, and an e- enters the chlorophyll _____ - The chlorophyll’s original ____ is used to form ___________ - _______ is also formed; this is a much more __________ use of the energy (cyclic, light, wate ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)