Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... 1. Fats are highly reduced hydrocarbons with a large energy of oxidation. 2. Fats are insoluble molecules that aggregate into droplets. They are unsolvated and no storage mass is water. 3. Fats are chemically inert. They can be stored without fear of unfavorable reactions. ...
... 1. Fats are highly reduced hydrocarbons with a large energy of oxidation. 2. Fats are insoluble molecules that aggregate into droplets. They are unsolvated and no storage mass is water. 3. Fats are chemically inert. They can be stored without fear of unfavorable reactions. ...
Photosynthesis
... You have 5min memorize the amount of NADH, FADH2, and ATP produced by… Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Formation Citric Acid Cycle Electron T ransport Chain ...
... You have 5min memorize the amount of NADH, FADH2, and ATP produced by… Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Formation Citric Acid Cycle Electron T ransport Chain ...
6-HarvestingEner
... Free radicals are normal product of cellular respiration -- electron transport chain -- H2O2, O2- ; OH-, etc ...
... Free radicals are normal product of cellular respiration -- electron transport chain -- H2O2, O2- ; OH-, etc ...
2. How we study biology • The scientific method requires controls
... - Motility: contractions of the smooth muscle layers, mixes food with secretions and moves it through the GI tract. The two common types are motion: segmentation and peristalsis. - Secretion: exocrine glands secret chemicals, digestive enzymes, which mix with food in the intestinal tract and break t ...
... - Motility: contractions of the smooth muscle layers, mixes food with secretions and moves it through the GI tract. The two common types are motion: segmentation and peristalsis. - Secretion: exocrine glands secret chemicals, digestive enzymes, which mix with food in the intestinal tract and break t ...
Visualizing Biological Pathways
... enzymes) and a heat-insensitive low-molecular-weight cytoplasm fraction (ADP, ATP and NAD+ and other cofactors). are required together for fermentation to proceed in 1905. ...
... enzymes) and a heat-insensitive low-molecular-weight cytoplasm fraction (ADP, ATP and NAD+ and other cofactors). are required together for fermentation to proceed in 1905. ...
Bio 110 S.I. chapters 6 & 7
... pyruvate reduction citric acid cycle electron transport chain fermentation ...
... pyruvate reduction citric acid cycle electron transport chain fermentation ...
Ch 4-6
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
respiration in plants
... is that ultimately all the food that is respired for life processes comes from photosynthesis. This chapter deals with cellular respiration or the mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy, and the trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP. Photosynthesis, of cour ...
... is that ultimately all the food that is respired for life processes comes from photosynthesis. This chapter deals with cellular respiration or the mechanism of breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy, and the trapping of this energy for synthesis of ATP. Photosynthesis, of cour ...
09LecturePresentation
... • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP • Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other than O2, for example sulfate • Fermentation uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to gen ...
... • In the absence of O2, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP • Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other than O2, for example sulfate • Fermentation uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to gen ...
Document
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
... •The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces the process of aerobic respiration so that the cell can have a continual source of energy, even in the absence of oxygen. •However this shift is only temporary and cells need oxygen for sustained activity. ...
25-1
... • Mobile shuttles pass electrons between complexes • Last complex passes its electrons (2H+) to a half of O2 molecule to form a water molecule (H2O) ...
... • Mobile shuttles pass electrons between complexes • Last complex passes its electrons (2H+) to a half of O2 molecule to form a water molecule (H2O) ...
No Slide Title
... • Mobile shuttles pass electrons between complexes • Last complex passes its electrons (2H+) to a half of O2 molecule to form a water molecule (H2O) ...
... • Mobile shuttles pass electrons between complexes • Last complex passes its electrons (2H+) to a half of O2 molecule to form a water molecule (H2O) ...
Microbial Fuel Cells: Plug-in and Power
... Anheuser-Busch Inc. and Foster’s breweries, of the United States and Australia, respectively. Researchers at the two brewing companies separately are evaluating whether MFC technology can be used to treat organic-rich soluble wastewater while producing electricity. Thus, in September 2007 researcher ...
... Anheuser-Busch Inc. and Foster’s breweries, of the United States and Australia, respectively. Researchers at the two brewing companies separately are evaluating whether MFC technology can be used to treat organic-rich soluble wastewater while producing electricity. Thus, in September 2007 researcher ...
Example of the Course Test 2 10th December, 8:00, registration from
... a) reaction: CH3-CO-COOH + NAD+ + HSCoA -> CO2 + NADH + H+ + CH3-CO~SCoA describes a decarboxylation of oxaloacetate b) glucose can be metabolised to lactate in erythrocytes c) insulin activates only anabolic pathways d) adenylate kinase catalyzes this reaction: ADP + ADP = AMP + ATP 2) Choose true ...
... a) reaction: CH3-CO-COOH + NAD+ + HSCoA -> CO2 + NADH + H+ + CH3-CO~SCoA describes a decarboxylation of oxaloacetate b) glucose can be metabolised to lactate in erythrocytes c) insulin activates only anabolic pathways d) adenylate kinase catalyzes this reaction: ADP + ADP = AMP + ATP 2) Choose true ...
Biological Oxidation
... In contrast to oxidation of mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic NADH when oxidized via the electron transport system gives rise to 2 equivalents of ATP if it is oxidized by the glycerol phosphate shuttle and 3 ATPs if it proceeds via the malate aspartate shuttle. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is coupled ...
... In contrast to oxidation of mitochondrial NADH, cytosolic NADH when oxidized via the electron transport system gives rise to 2 equivalents of ATP if it is oxidized by the glycerol phosphate shuttle and 3 ATPs if it proceeds via the malate aspartate shuttle. The glycerol phosphate shuttle is coupled ...
The Chemistry of Life
... (see Figure 1-4). Key monomers include glucose (also known as blood sugar), fructose, and galactose. These three have the same numbers of carbon (6), hydrogen (12), and oxygen (6) atoms in each molecule — formally written as C6H12O6 — but the bonding arrangements are different. Molecules with this k ...
... (see Figure 1-4). Key monomers include glucose (also known as blood sugar), fructose, and galactose. These three have the same numbers of carbon (6), hydrogen (12), and oxygen (6) atoms in each molecule — formally written as C6H12O6 — but the bonding arrangements are different. Molecules with this k ...
Nerve activates contraction
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruva ...
... • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruva ...
Citric Acid cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
BIO00004C Molecular biology and biochemistry (PDF , 72kb)
... introduction to lipid and carbohydrate structures, the role of the various macromolecules in the context of membrane flow, cell shape, etc. will be discussed. Energy and metabolism is introduced by discussing the important concept of free energy and relating this to the central role of ATP and coupl ...
... introduction to lipid and carbohydrate structures, the role of the various macromolecules in the context of membrane flow, cell shape, etc. will be discussed. Energy and metabolism is introduced by discussing the important concept of free energy and relating this to the central role of ATP and coupl ...
Biology 2201 Unit 2
... hair-like tubes that allow microscopic organisms to exchange genetic material during a form of sexual reproduction, such as conjugation) – B. Two bacteria become connected via the pilus – C. one bacteria transfers all or part of its chromosome to the other bacteria – D. the recipient bacteria uses t ...
... hair-like tubes that allow microscopic organisms to exchange genetic material during a form of sexual reproduction, such as conjugation) – B. Two bacteria become connected via the pilus – C. one bacteria transfers all or part of its chromosome to the other bacteria – D. the recipient bacteria uses t ...
Glycolysis Puzzle: Concept Map of "Splitting of Glucose"
... Pyruvate has two biochemical fates, depending upon whether or not oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs. In animal cells ________________________ is reduced to lactic acid (lactate) By the oxidation of the coenzyme __________________________ In yeas ...
... Pyruvate has two biochemical fates, depending upon whether or not oxygen is present. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs. In animal cells ________________________ is reduced to lactic acid (lactate) By the oxidation of the coenzyme __________________________ In yeas ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)