Outline06 Metabolism - Napa Valley College
... a. energy investment steps - add 2 high-energy phosphates from ATP b. cleavage step - splits 6C sugar into two 3C molecules c. energy capture steps - yield 2 NADH and 2 ATP Each NADH carries 2 high-energy electrons: NAD+ + 2 H → NADH + H+ oxidized ...
... a. energy investment steps - add 2 high-energy phosphates from ATP b. cleavage step - splits 6C sugar into two 3C molecules c. energy capture steps - yield 2 NADH and 2 ATP Each NADH carries 2 high-energy electrons: NAD+ + 2 H → NADH + H+ oxidized ...
STAAR REVIEW - TEKS BASED
... cells are different depending on which genes are expressed and which genes are not expressed the decisions of which genes are expressed and which genes are not is made early in the embryonic development, based on environmental signals that result in chemical groups being added onto parts of the ...
... cells are different depending on which genes are expressed and which genes are not expressed the decisions of which genes are expressed and which genes are not is made early in the embryonic development, based on environmental signals that result in chemical groups being added onto parts of the ...
VI. LIGHT REACTION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, cont
... o Visible light is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. o Light absorbed by chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments to power reactions is not seen. Light not utilized by plant is reflected & seen by human eye. (Leaf appears green b/c it reflects green &absorbs red and blue light) o ...
... o Visible light is a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. o Light absorbed by chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments to power reactions is not seen. Light not utilized by plant is reflected & seen by human eye. (Leaf appears green b/c it reflects green &absorbs red and blue light) o ...
biochemistry
... • Although a cell is composed of 70% to 95% water, most of the rest consist of carbon – based compounds. Carbon’s importance is due largely to the arrangement of its electrons. One carbon atom can form stable, covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms. This allows carbon to form very large and co ...
... • Although a cell is composed of 70% to 95% water, most of the rest consist of carbon – based compounds. Carbon’s importance is due largely to the arrangement of its electrons. One carbon atom can form stable, covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms. This allows carbon to form very large and co ...
Reactions of the TCA Cycle
... Reactions of the TCA Cycle Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumer ...
... Reactions of the TCA Cycle Oxidative decarboxylation of Pyruvate Synthesis of citrate from acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isomerization of Citrate Oxidation and decarboxylation of isocitrate Oxidative decarboxylation of α- ketoglutarate Cleavage of Succinyl CoA Oxidation of succinate Hydration of fumer ...
Writing Chemical Formulas
... making up each half (positive & negative) of the compound. Use the oxidation number (without the plus or minus) for each half as the subscript for the other half. Do not write a subscript of 1. Reduce the subscripts, if needed. After doing this, be sure the subscripts will not reduce. If both subscr ...
... making up each half (positive & negative) of the compound. Use the oxidation number (without the plus or minus) for each half as the subscript for the other half. Do not write a subscript of 1. Reduce the subscripts, if needed. After doing this, be sure the subscripts will not reduce. If both subscr ...
Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism
... concentration 2. Disrupts bonds between charged amino acids 3. With more H+ ions fewer negative, more positive charges occur 4. Most enzymes have a pH optimum( ...
... concentration 2. Disrupts bonds between charged amino acids 3. With more H+ ions fewer negative, more positive charges occur 4. Most enzymes have a pH optimum( ...
Fuel Metabolism
... mechanisms and processes that allows organisms to deal with challenges from both internal and external sources Adaptive responses to environmental stresses are needed for two main reasons: ...
... mechanisms and processes that allows organisms to deal with challenges from both internal and external sources Adaptive responses to environmental stresses are needed for two main reasons: ...
Chapters 18 – The Periodic Table
... agent such as potassium chlorate together with tetraphosphorus trisulfide (P4S3), glass and binder. The phosphorus sulfide is easily ignited, the potassium chlorate decomposes to give oxygen, which in turn causes the phosphorus sulfide to burn more vigorously. The head of safety matches are made of ...
... agent such as potassium chlorate together with tetraphosphorus trisulfide (P4S3), glass and binder. The phosphorus sulfide is easily ignited, the potassium chlorate decomposes to give oxygen, which in turn causes the phosphorus sulfide to burn more vigorously. The head of safety matches are made of ...
Cellular Respiration
... All living things require energy to stay alive. Most of this energy comes from food, often in the form of glucose. Cells share common pathways to metabolize food molecules like glucose into usable forms of energy, and these pathways are called Cell Respiration. Cell respiration includes Glycolysis, ...
... All living things require energy to stay alive. Most of this energy comes from food, often in the form of glucose. Cells share common pathways to metabolize food molecules like glucose into usable forms of energy, and these pathways are called Cell Respiration. Cell respiration includes Glycolysis, ...
7 energy for cells
... buildup of ATP molecules. Of four phases, only one occurs outside the mitochondria. This chapter considers each phase of cellular respiration in some detail. It also ...
... buildup of ATP molecules. Of four phases, only one occurs outside the mitochondria. This chapter considers each phase of cellular respiration in some detail. It also ...
Respiration
... reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
... reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2 • Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt • Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce ...
biology-ch.-2-principals-of-ecology-notes
... The lowest level of organization is the individual organism . Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population. A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. ...
... The lowest level of organization is the individual organism . Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population. A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. ...
Packet 2 - Organic Chemistry
... o Valence shell enables easy formation of four covalent bonds o Covalent bonds involve _____________ of ________________ between two atoms ...
... o Valence shell enables easy formation of four covalent bonds o Covalent bonds involve _____________ of ________________ between two atoms ...
Vocabulary
... 14. Describe anaerobic glycolysis. Be sure you know the molecules involved! Use figure 7.35 on p. 199 to help you. 15. How are the products from glycolysis used in the rest of cellular respiration? 16. What is a cytochrome enzyme system? 17. Describe the Krebs Cycle. Be sure to know the molecules in ...
... 14. Describe anaerobic glycolysis. Be sure you know the molecules involved! Use figure 7.35 on p. 199 to help you. 15. How are the products from glycolysis used in the rest of cellular respiration? 16. What is a cytochrome enzyme system? 17. Describe the Krebs Cycle. Be sure to know the molecules in ...
Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis
... reactions. Glycolysis begins with the addition of energy. Two highenergy phosphates from two molecules of ATP are added to the six-carbon molecule glucose, producing a six-carbon molecule with two phosphates. ...
... reactions. Glycolysis begins with the addition of energy. Two highenergy phosphates from two molecules of ATP are added to the six-carbon molecule glucose, producing a six-carbon molecule with two phosphates. ...
Energy Systems
... (B) When phosphocreatine is broken down during muscular contraction, a large amount of energy is released. The energy released is coupled with the energy requirement to resynthesize ATP. PC is an abbreviation for phosphocreatine. PC, like ATP, is stored in the muscle cells, and when it is broken dow ...
... (B) When phosphocreatine is broken down during muscular contraction, a large amount of energy is released. The energy released is coupled with the energy requirement to resynthesize ATP. PC is an abbreviation for phosphocreatine. PC, like ATP, is stored in the muscle cells, and when it is broken dow ...
biology exam review - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... a) a membrane transport protein b) a concentration gradient c) energy d) a membrane transport protein and a concentration gradient 26. Which of the following transport processes require(s) energy? a) facilitated diffusion b) osmosis c) endocytosis d) facilitated diffusion and osmosis e) facilitated ...
... a) a membrane transport protein b) a concentration gradient c) energy d) a membrane transport protein and a concentration gradient 26. Which of the following transport processes require(s) energy? a) facilitated diffusion b) osmosis c) endocytosis d) facilitated diffusion and osmosis e) facilitated ...
Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Systems
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
... are produced and 2 are used (net production = 36 ATP). • Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (glycolysis), then acetyl coenzyme A, and this is broken to form carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and energy to resynthesise ATP. • Remember that glycolysis occurs in the sarcoplasm whilst Kreb’s cycle ...
1st Sem Bio Study Guide
... 15. What are the functions and structures of each of the following organic compounds: carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids? (be detailed) 16. What are enzymes? Explain some characteristics of enzymes. 17. Contrast the way energy and matter move through the biosphere. 18. How is energy tra ...
... 15. What are the functions and structures of each of the following organic compounds: carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids? (be detailed) 16. What are enzymes? Explain some characteristics of enzymes. 17. Contrast the way energy and matter move through the biosphere. 18. How is energy tra ...
Relationships in Ecosystems
... Relationships in Ecosystems Some abiotic factors Air 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and .04% carbon dioxide Water is a major ingredient of the fluid inside the cells of all organisms. Soil is a mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of dead organisms, water, and air. The decaying ma ...
... Relationships in Ecosystems Some abiotic factors Air 78 % nitrogen, 21 % oxygen and .04% carbon dioxide Water is a major ingredient of the fluid inside the cells of all organisms. Soil is a mixture of mineral and rock particles, the remains of dead organisms, water, and air. The decaying ma ...
The Calvin Cycle
... The Calvin Cycle • The Calvin Cycle is much like the Citric Acid Cycle in that the circular process regenerates the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producin ...
... The Calvin Cycle • The Calvin Cycle is much like the Citric Acid Cycle in that the circular process regenerates the starting molecule at the end of the cycle. It differs in that it is an anabolic process consuming energy to produce a sugar molecule whereas the Citric Acid Cycle is catabolic producin ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)