ATP
... 2.Oxidative phosphorylation - occurs during cellular respiration in all aerobic cells The addition of each phosphate molecule requires 30.6 kJ of energy. If less than this, energy cannot be stored as ATP but lost as heat. ATP is a means of transferring free energy from energy-rich compounds to cellu ...
... 2.Oxidative phosphorylation - occurs during cellular respiration in all aerobic cells The addition of each phosphate molecule requires 30.6 kJ of energy. If less than this, energy cannot be stored as ATP but lost as heat. ATP is a means of transferring free energy from energy-rich compounds to cellu ...
Photosynthesis: CO assimilation and sugar metabolism
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
... • C4 plants decrease water loss by using a different enzyme (not RUBISCO) for the initial capture of CO2 from the atmosphere. This other enzyme has about a 10-fold higher affinity for CO2 and this means the diffusion gradient for CO2 into the leaf is much greater than cells using only RUBISO. This e ...
Insulin-Containing Amino Acids and Oligopeptides/β
... HyperChem package. The following steps were run over: (1) for the biocompound structure in a random conformation, but with defined bond length and angles, all flexible bonds and rings were set up and used in the conformational analysis; (2) a random values of these torsion angles were used for every ...
... HyperChem package. The following steps were run over: (1) for the biocompound structure in a random conformation, but with defined bond length and angles, all flexible bonds and rings were set up and used in the conformational analysis; (2) a random values of these torsion angles were used for every ...
HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2016
... 39. Describe and explain pyruvate oxidation, including where it occurs, reactants and products, and energy inputs and outputs. 40. Describe and explain the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), including where it occurs, reactants and products, and energy inputs and outputs. 41. Describe and explain the ...
... 39. Describe and explain pyruvate oxidation, including where it occurs, reactants and products, and energy inputs and outputs. 40. Describe and explain the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), including where it occurs, reactants and products, and energy inputs and outputs. 41. Describe and explain the ...
electron transport chain
... • Catabolic pathways relocate the electrons stored in food molecules, releasing energy that is used to synthesize ATP. • Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another are oxidationreduction reactions, or redox reactions. • The loss of electrons is called ...
... • Catabolic pathways relocate the electrons stored in food molecules, releasing energy that is used to synthesize ATP. • Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another are oxidationreduction reactions, or redox reactions. • The loss of electrons is called ...
Cellular Respiration
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
... cost of food item or game). Not long after you arrive you realize that no vendor has change for a 100$ bill.You have 2 choices: 1. Use a 100$ bill for each purchase, over paying for everything and run out of money fast or 2. do not buy anything. Neither choice is reasonable. ...
contractile and metabolic characteristics of muscle fibres from
... shows marked seasonal variations in the degree of ice-cover and plankton growth rates. Antarctic fish exhibit a number of characteristics which reflect these environmental constraints. These include the possession of glycoproteins, which lower serum and tissue freezing points (DeVries, 1971), reduce ...
... shows marked seasonal variations in the degree of ice-cover and plankton growth rates. Antarctic fish exhibit a number of characteristics which reflect these environmental constraints. These include the possession of glycoproteins, which lower serum and tissue freezing points (DeVries, 1971), reduce ...
9 How Cells Harvest Energy Concept Outline
... bonds. Carbohydrates and fats, for example, possess many carbon-hydrogen (C—H), as well as carbon-oxygen (C—O) bonds. The job of ex- FIGURE 9.2 tracting energy from this complex organic mix- Start every day with a good breakfast. The carbohydrates, proteins, and fats ture is tackled in stages. First ...
... bonds. Carbohydrates and fats, for example, possess many carbon-hydrogen (C—H), as well as carbon-oxygen (C—O) bonds. The job of ex- FIGURE 9.2 tracting energy from this complex organic mix- Start every day with a good breakfast. The carbohydrates, proteins, and fats ture is tackled in stages. First ...
acyl-CoA
... • Propionyl-CoA is converted to S-Methylmalonyl-CoA by propionyl-CoA carboxylase with ATP and CO2. Uses a carboxybiotynyl cofactor for the mechanism. • S-Methylmalonyl-CoA is converted to R-MethylmalonylCoA by methylmalonyl-CoA racemase. • R-Methylmalonyl-CoA is converted to Succinyl-CoA by methylma ...
... • Propionyl-CoA is converted to S-Methylmalonyl-CoA by propionyl-CoA carboxylase with ATP and CO2. Uses a carboxybiotynyl cofactor for the mechanism. • S-Methylmalonyl-CoA is converted to R-MethylmalonylCoA by methylmalonyl-CoA racemase. • R-Methylmalonyl-CoA is converted to Succinyl-CoA by methylma ...
PP Chapter 9 - Trimble County Schools
... • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
PP Chapter 9 - WordPress.com
... • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... • An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Living without oxygen: lessons from the freshwater turtle
... Lutz et al. (1985) estimated from blood lactate levels that metabolism fell to 5–10% of the aerobic rate; Doll et al. (1994), however, using microcalorimetry on turtle brain slices observed only a 40% reduction in rate, but brain slices, even when supplied with oxygen, may already have suppressed me ...
... Lutz et al. (1985) estimated from blood lactate levels that metabolism fell to 5–10% of the aerobic rate; Doll et al. (1994), however, using microcalorimetry on turtle brain slices observed only a 40% reduction in rate, but brain slices, even when supplied with oxygen, may already have suppressed me ...
Document
... • Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. • kinases (phosphorylation) and phosphatases (dephosphorylation) are involved in this process. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. • Revers ...
... • Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or other organic molecule. • kinases (phosphorylation) and phosphatases (dephosphorylation) are involved in this process. Many enzymes and receptors are switched "on" or "off" by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. • Revers ...
The Mole Concept
... Step 3: Use coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to find the mole ratio. Relate moles of what you were given to moles of what you are determining using the mole ratio. Step 4: Convert moles to grams using molar mass as a conversion factor. It's always a good idea to check to make sure you ...
... Step 3: Use coefficients in the balanced chemical equation to find the mole ratio. Relate moles of what you were given to moles of what you are determining using the mole ratio. Step 4: Convert moles to grams using molar mass as a conversion factor. It's always a good idea to check to make sure you ...
CBS (EC 4.2.1.22). The rate equation for the CBS reaction
... Concentrations of ATP, adenosine, betaine, dimethylglycine, glycine, NADPH, and serine, as well as a total concentration of all intracellular folates (F0) are assumed to be constant. In this way, either there is no dependence of reaction rates on these metabolites, or they are included in the releva ...
... Concentrations of ATP, adenosine, betaine, dimethylglycine, glycine, NADPH, and serine, as well as a total concentration of all intracellular folates (F0) are assumed to be constant. In this way, either there is no dependence of reaction rates on these metabolites, or they are included in the releva ...
35 Amino acid breakdown Amino acids comprise one of the three
... The later steps vary depending on the structure of the amino acid. Isoleucine is metabolized by reactions identical to those in a b-oxidation spiral, yielding an acetyl-CoA and a propionyl-CoA. The metabolism of valine is slightly more complex, but the pathway also results in propionyl-CoA. Propion ...
... The later steps vary depending on the structure of the amino acid. Isoleucine is metabolized by reactions identical to those in a b-oxidation spiral, yielding an acetyl-CoA and a propionyl-CoA. The metabolism of valine is slightly more complex, but the pathway also results in propionyl-CoA. Propion ...
Student notes in ppt
... glucagon and epinephrine signaling activate the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase and shifts the equilibrium to the inactive monomeric form. Insulin signaling is activated by high serum glucose levels, and therefore activation of acetyl CoA carbox ...
... glucagon and epinephrine signaling activate the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which phosphorylates acetyl CoA carboxylase and shifts the equilibrium to the inactive monomeric form. Insulin signaling is activated by high serum glucose levels, and therefore activation of acetyl CoA carbox ...
The main theoretical questions
... This theme introduces the aromatic heterocyclic purine and pyrimidine and their major derivatives, the nucleosides and nucleotides, which supply the monomer units or building blocks of nucleic acids and serve additional diverse functions essential for life and health. Major biochemical functions of ...
... This theme introduces the aromatic heterocyclic purine and pyrimidine and their major derivatives, the nucleosides and nucleotides, which supply the monomer units or building blocks of nucleic acids and serve additional diverse functions essential for life and health. Major biochemical functions of ...
Amino Acids
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
Chapter 8
... The Regeneration of ATP • ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives most cellular work ...
... The Regeneration of ATP • ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • The energy to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic reactions in the cell • The chemical potential energy temporarily stored in ATP drives most cellular work ...
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
... There are over 150 amino acids found in cells, but only 20 occur commonly in proteins. The remaining, nonprotein amino acids have specialized roles as intermediates in metabolic reactions, or as neurotransmitters and hormones. All amino acids have a common structure (see right). The only difference ...
the lecture in Powerpoint Format
... respiration and removes CO2 Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aer ...
... respiration and removes CO2 Respiration, as it relates to breathing, and cellular respiration are not the same. – Respiration, in the breathing sense, refers to an exchange of gases. Usually an organism brings in oxygen from the environment and releases waste CO2. – Cellular respiration is the aer ...
Natural Carbon Isotope Abundance of Plasma
... associated with various routing and fluxes of metabolites. Conclusion/Significance: This work provides evidence that measurement of natural abundance isotope ratio of both bulk tissue and individual metabolites can provide meaningful information about metabolic changes either associated to phenotype ...
... associated with various routing and fluxes of metabolites. Conclusion/Significance: This work provides evidence that measurement of natural abundance isotope ratio of both bulk tissue and individual metabolites can provide meaningful information about metabolic changes either associated to phenotype ...
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether you maintain, gain, or lose weight. Your basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the calories you burn every day. It is influenced by several factors.