The Heck reaction
... Shawn P. Maddaford, Neil G. Andersen, Walter A. Cristofoli & Brian A. Keay, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10766 Review of asymmetric Heck: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2945 ...
... Shawn P. Maddaford, Neil G. Andersen, Walter A. Cristofoli & Brian A. Keay, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10766 Review of asymmetric Heck: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2945 ...
Co-ordinated Synthesis of Membrane Phospholipids with the
... By J. R. TATA (National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K.) In several hormone-dependent growth and developmental systems studied, the rate of labelling of membrane phospholipids is enhanced in all major subcellular particulate fractions (nuclear, mitochondrial and micro ...
... By J. R. TATA (National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K.) In several hormone-dependent growth and developmental systems studied, the rate of labelling of membrane phospholipids is enhanced in all major subcellular particulate fractions (nuclear, mitochondrial and micro ...
Hemoglobin
... cardiac muscle. It gives their tissues their characteristic red color. - Myoglobin has much higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin. So it is unable to release it to tissues. In contrast, Hb reacts with oxygen reversibly to give it to tissues. - Myoglobin concentration is increased in blood in a ...
... cardiac muscle. It gives their tissues their characteristic red color. - Myoglobin has much higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin. So it is unable to release it to tissues. In contrast, Hb reacts with oxygen reversibly to give it to tissues. - Myoglobin concentration is increased in blood in a ...
Chemical Synthesis Using Earth-Abundant Metal
... formation require Rh, Ir, or Pt catalysts, high temperatures (up to 200�C), and sacrificial hydrogen acceptor molecules, which produce additional waste. Moreover, the precious-metal catalysts are quite intolerant of Lewis-basic nitrogens, which limits the utility of these methods in medicinal chemis ...
... formation require Rh, Ir, or Pt catalysts, high temperatures (up to 200�C), and sacrificial hydrogen acceptor molecules, which produce additional waste. Moreover, the precious-metal catalysts are quite intolerant of Lewis-basic nitrogens, which limits the utility of these methods in medicinal chemis ...
Document
... Establish pipelines to import updates of annotation, and expert advice Display clusters or other statistictically-generated groupings of genes Visualisation of metabolite profiling data sets Combination of data-sets at different levels Statistical treatment of the responses of different BINS - rigor ...
... Establish pipelines to import updates of annotation, and expert advice Display clusters or other statistictically-generated groupings of genes Visualisation of metabolite profiling data sets Combination of data-sets at different levels Statistical treatment of the responses of different BINS - rigor ...
CHAPTER 6
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrates
... solution- or solid-phase synthesis of complex oligosaccharides and glycopeptides will be straightforward and certain unnatural structures will also be accessible. As mentioned, despite their great utility in the synthesis of natural and related oligosaccharides, glycosyltransferases generally do not ...
... solution- or solid-phase synthesis of complex oligosaccharides and glycopeptides will be straightforward and certain unnatural structures will also be accessible. As mentioned, despite their great utility in the synthesis of natural and related oligosaccharides, glycosyltransferases generally do not ...
Bacterial Classification
... Since then, several more efficient quinine syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. Malaria resistant to synthetic but less so to natural The first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henr ...
... Since then, several more efficient quinine syntheses have been achieved, but none of them can compete in economic terms with isolation of the alkaloid from natural sources. Malaria resistant to synthetic but less so to natural The first synthetic organic dye, mauveine, was discovered by William Henr ...
Compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways
... – well-fed state: the liver improves its capacity to synthesize fat – fasting: ↓in quantity of lipogenetic enzymes; enzymes of gluconeogenesis are induced (↑synthesis) ...
... – well-fed state: the liver improves its capacity to synthesize fat – fasting: ↓in quantity of lipogenetic enzymes; enzymes of gluconeogenesis are induced (↑synthesis) ...
Curiosity is the Key to Discovery
... enzymatically (not able to proceed further) Har Gobind Khorana: Synthesis of nucleotides by chemical methods ...
... enzymatically (not able to proceed further) Har Gobind Khorana: Synthesis of nucleotides by chemical methods ...
Catabolism
... An overview of metabolism • Metabolism may be divided into two major parts: catabolism and anabolism. • Catabolism: larger and more complex molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules with the release of energy. • Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with th ...
... An overview of metabolism • Metabolism may be divided into two major parts: catabolism and anabolism. • Catabolism: larger and more complex molecules are broken down into smaller, simpler molecules with the release of energy. • Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with th ...
SYNTHESIS OF OXOQUINOLINE DERIVATIVES COUPLED TO DIFFERENT AMINO ACID ESTERS
... Objectives: Quinolines are an important group of organic compounds where several compounds containing a quinoline residue are known to possess useful biological activity and used as antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor agents. These pharmacological properties of quinolines aroused our interest in ...
... Objectives: Quinolines are an important group of organic compounds where several compounds containing a quinoline residue are known to possess useful biological activity and used as antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor agents. These pharmacological properties of quinolines aroused our interest in ...
Lipid Synthesis
... c. The biotin acts like a pendulum which bring the CO2 to the acetyl CoA where it will react and be kicked off d. The CO2 binds to biotin > pendulum swings > Pi is released > CO2 is carried over to Acetyl COA on carboxyl transferase portion of the enzyme and we end up with Malonyl CoA e. *** ”That’s ...
... c. The biotin acts like a pendulum which bring the CO2 to the acetyl CoA where it will react and be kicked off d. The CO2 binds to biotin > pendulum swings > Pi is released > CO2 is carried over to Acetyl COA on carboxyl transferase portion of the enzyme and we end up with Malonyl CoA e. *** ”That’s ...
Example of Research Proposal
... living cells (reviewed in (1)). The large ribosomal subunit (50S in prokaryotes) contains the site of catalysis, termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). The reaction substrates include a peptidyltRNA, charged with the growing peptide chain bound to a tRNA binding site on the ribosome, termed t ...
... living cells (reviewed in (1)). The large ribosomal subunit (50S in prokaryotes) contains the site of catalysis, termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC). The reaction substrates include a peptidyltRNA, charged with the growing peptide chain bound to a tRNA binding site on the ribosome, termed t ...
Slide 1
... Reasons for combining Trimethoprim and Sulphonamides • There is synergy between the two drugs - the combined effect is greater that the expected sum of their activities • Individually the drugs are bacteriostatic; however, in combination they are bactericidal • The use of two drugs will delay the e ...
... Reasons for combining Trimethoprim and Sulphonamides • There is synergy between the two drugs - the combined effect is greater that the expected sum of their activities • Individually the drugs are bacteriostatic; however, in combination they are bactericidal • The use of two drugs will delay the e ...
THREE-BASE DELETION IN EXON 3 OF THE /3
... for y/a and @/a,respectively. Both @-globingenes of the patient were cloned as 7.8-kb Hind111 fragments in bacteriophage Charon 28.2 The 4.9-kb EglII fragments from the recombinant phage clones were inserted into the plasmid vector, pUC 13, and the @-globingene sequences from both alleles were deter ...
... for y/a and @/a,respectively. Both @-globingenes of the patient were cloned as 7.8-kb Hind111 fragments in bacteriophage Charon 28.2 The 4.9-kb EglII fragments from the recombinant phage clones were inserted into the plasmid vector, pUC 13, and the @-globingene sequences from both alleles were deter ...
Structural Biochemistry/Proteins/Synthesis
... Second Step: The protected alanine is treated with ethyl choloroformate. Carboxyl group of the alanine was activated by forming anhydride. It is sensitive to any nucleophilic attack from the N-terminus of Valine. Third step: Valine is added to the protected, activated alanine. This forms peptide bon ...
... Second Step: The protected alanine is treated with ethyl choloroformate. Carboxyl group of the alanine was activated by forming anhydride. It is sensitive to any nucleophilic attack from the N-terminus of Valine. Third step: Valine is added to the protected, activated alanine. This forms peptide bon ...
Template-Directed Synthesis of Structurally Defined Branched
... rationally designed, chemically synthesized oligodeoxynucleotides.19−22 DNA nanostructures have also been constructed using monodisperse samples of short- and long-chain DNA sequences, which are routinely prepared via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or extracted from genomic sources (e.g., M13 phage ...
... rationally designed, chemically synthesized oligodeoxynucleotides.19−22 DNA nanostructures have also been constructed using monodisperse samples of short- and long-chain DNA sequences, which are routinely prepared via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or extracted from genomic sources (e.g., M13 phage ...
Chapter 26
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
... made by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II (CPS II) – This is a cytosolic enzyme (whereas CPS I is mitochondrial and used for the urea cycle) – Substrates are HCO3-, glutamine (not NH4+), 2 ATP – In mammals, CPS-II can be viewed as the committed step in pyrimidine synthesis – Bacteria have but one CP ...
Sequential Expression of Macromolecule
... ATP determination. The method for determination of ATP was similar to that of Ball & Atkinson (1975). Samples ( I ml) were rapidly pipetted (within 15 s) into 0.2 ml of ice-cold 35 % (vlv) perchloric acid in order to 'freeze' the nucleotide pools prior to analysis. After 2 min at o "C, the extracts ...
... ATP determination. The method for determination of ATP was similar to that of Ball & Atkinson (1975). Samples ( I ml) were rapidly pipetted (within 15 s) into 0.2 ml of ice-cold 35 % (vlv) perchloric acid in order to 'freeze' the nucleotide pools prior to analysis. After 2 min at o "C, the extracts ...
Synthesis of Triacylglycerols and Glycerophospholipids
... Synthesis of Cholesterol Precursor of steroid hormones and bile salts. Most cholesterol is synthesized in liver cells, although most animal cells can synthesize it. Starts with 3 molecules of acetyl CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA, which is reduced to mevalonate (C6) by HMG-CoA redu ...
... Synthesis of Cholesterol Precursor of steroid hormones and bile salts. Most cholesterol is synthesized in liver cells, although most animal cells can synthesize it. Starts with 3 molecules of acetyl CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA, which is reduced to mevalonate (C6) by HMG-CoA redu ...
Purine nucleotide synthesis De novo
... • Two types of pathways lead to the synthesis of nucleotides: the de novo pathways and the salvage pathways • de novo synthesis begins with amino acids, ribose 5phosphate and CO2 • Salvage pathways recycle free bases and nucleosides obtained from nucleic acid breakdown (from nucleic acid turnover o ...
... • Two types of pathways lead to the synthesis of nucleotides: the de novo pathways and the salvage pathways • de novo synthesis begins with amino acids, ribose 5phosphate and CO2 • Salvage pathways recycle free bases and nucleosides obtained from nucleic acid breakdown (from nucleic acid turnover o ...
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not suffer from this limitation, although it is, most often, carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA, BNA.To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. Products are often isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity. Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15–25 bases in length.Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes.