advanced pharmaceutical organic chemistry
... 6. Preparation of diethyl fumarate from mallic acid(racemisation) Mallic acid----fumaric acid----diethyl fumarate) 7. Preparation of 2,2-dihydroxy-1,1-biphenyl naphthal from 2-naphthal (oxidation and free radical coupling) 8. Preparation of Benzylic acid from Benzyl (Benzylic acid rearrangement). 9. ...
... 6. Preparation of diethyl fumarate from mallic acid(racemisation) Mallic acid----fumaric acid----diethyl fumarate) 7. Preparation of 2,2-dihydroxy-1,1-biphenyl naphthal from 2-naphthal (oxidation and free radical coupling) 8. Preparation of Benzylic acid from Benzyl (Benzylic acid rearrangement). 9. ...
Title: Mycological synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using rhizosphere
... of zinc sulphate precursor solution was used as bulk zinc source and fungal cell free enzyme extract was used as reducing agent for nanoparticle synthesis. Fungal cell free enzyme extract was obtained by raising fungal spores in MGYP broth for 72hrs to obtain fungal balls, these fungal biomass were ...
... of zinc sulphate precursor solution was used as bulk zinc source and fungal cell free enzyme extract was used as reducing agent for nanoparticle synthesis. Fungal cell free enzyme extract was obtained by raising fungal spores in MGYP broth for 72hrs to obtain fungal balls, these fungal biomass were ...
Document
... Transferase deficiency galactosemia is more serious; It is characterized by poor growth in children, mental deficiency and liver damage that may be fatal. ...
... Transferase deficiency galactosemia is more serious; It is characterized by poor growth in children, mental deficiency and liver damage that may be fatal. ...
From The Building Blocks to Life
... proteins of general formula NH2-CHR-COOH that differ in the structure of the side chain R group. In one scenario for the origin of life, the RNA world, it is proposed that genetic information was stored in RNA and the RNA also catalyzed the biochemical reactions essential for life. The simplest vers ...
... proteins of general formula NH2-CHR-COOH that differ in the structure of the side chain R group. In one scenario for the origin of life, the RNA world, it is proposed that genetic information was stored in RNA and the RNA also catalyzed the biochemical reactions essential for life. The simplest vers ...
Biological importance of Uronic Acid Pathway
... production of NADPH.H+ required for: 1. Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) and fatty acid desaturation. 2. Cholesterol synthesis. 3. Other steroid synthesis. 4. Synthesis of sphingosine and cerebrosides. 5. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids, e.g., glutamate (through the reversible glutamate deh ...
... production of NADPH.H+ required for: 1. Fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) and fatty acid desaturation. 2. Cholesterol synthesis. 3. Other steroid synthesis. 4. Synthesis of sphingosine and cerebrosides. 5. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids, e.g., glutamate (through the reversible glutamate deh ...
Understanding Acid Lability of Cysteine Protecting Groups
... part of the peptide backbone and, thanks to the thiol side chain, forms intra- and inter-molecular disulphide bridges, which contribute to the stabilization of peptide and protein structures. It is thus not surprising that others and we have devoted much effort to the development of a large number o ...
... part of the peptide backbone and, thanks to the thiol side chain, forms intra- and inter-molecular disulphide bridges, which contribute to the stabilization of peptide and protein structures. It is thus not surprising that others and we have devoted much effort to the development of a large number o ...
2008 VFA Absorption
... – Provides energy to epithelial cells • Total viscera requires 25% of the total energy requirement • Use of VFAs as an energy source spares glucose • Relatively minor use ...
... – Provides energy to epithelial cells • Total viscera requires 25% of the total energy requirement • Use of VFAs as an energy source spares glucose • Relatively minor use ...
bottom-up-methodology
... # comes from 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis # can be produced by serine hydroxymethyltransferase # can be produced in some degradation reactions SER[CCO-CYTOSOL] 1.0 ## L-serine # threonine comes from aspartate via homo-serine THR[CCO-CYTOSOL] 1.0 ## L-threonine # tryptophan comes from serine and ...
... # comes from 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis # can be produced by serine hydroxymethyltransferase # can be produced in some degradation reactions SER[CCO-CYTOSOL] 1.0 ## L-serine # threonine comes from aspartate via homo-serine THR[CCO-CYTOSOL] 1.0 ## L-threonine # tryptophan comes from serine and ...
Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... citric acid cycle intermediates, carbon skeletons of amino acids except leucine and lysine) All must be converted to oxaloacetate Note: No pathway in animals for net conversion of acetylCoA to oxaloacetate (occurs in plants, glyoxylate cycle) ...
... citric acid cycle intermediates, carbon skeletons of amino acids except leucine and lysine) All must be converted to oxaloacetate Note: No pathway in animals for net conversion of acetylCoA to oxaloacetate (occurs in plants, glyoxylate cycle) ...
Exam 4
... G. ______________ Insulin is an upregulator of gluconeogenesis. H. ______________ AMP-dependent kinase is a form of local regulation that works through covalent modification of catabolic and anabolic enzymes. I. ______________ Glycogen phosphorylase is covalently modified to upregulate glycogen synt ...
... G. ______________ Insulin is an upregulator of gluconeogenesis. H. ______________ AMP-dependent kinase is a form of local regulation that works through covalent modification of catabolic and anabolic enzymes. I. ______________ Glycogen phosphorylase is covalently modified to upregulate glycogen synt ...
Haemoglobin.
... normal adult Hb i.e. in HbA-these chains are called α and β chains and HbA2 –α and δ chain are present. Each chain is composed of a sequence of about 150 amino acids. The substitution of any one these amino acids by another, results in formation of abnormal chain and abnormal Hb e.g. in Hb-S which ...
... normal adult Hb i.e. in HbA-these chains are called α and β chains and HbA2 –α and δ chain are present. Each chain is composed of a sequence of about 150 amino acids. The substitution of any one these amino acids by another, results in formation of abnormal chain and abnormal Hb e.g. in Hb-S which ...
Supplementary Methods - Word file (146 KB )
... Regulation by mRNA We used an mRNA transcribed from a pTRI-Xef 1 ~1900 bp DNA template provided with the MEGAScript T7 kit (Ambion) as a generic mRNA disease marker. mRNA sequence was folded using mFold server v 3.0 (URL: http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/applications/mfold/old/rna/) and visually examined ...
... Regulation by mRNA We used an mRNA transcribed from a pTRI-Xef 1 ~1900 bp DNA template provided with the MEGAScript T7 kit (Ambion) as a generic mRNA disease marker. mRNA sequence was folded using mFold server v 3.0 (URL: http://www.bioinfo.rpi.edu/applications/mfold/old/rna/) and visually examined ...
Designer small molecules to target calcium signalling Joanna M
... Stephen J. Mills and Barry V.L. Potter University of Bath, Bath, UK ...
... Stephen J. Mills and Barry V.L. Potter University of Bath, Bath, UK ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... atom of a-ketoglutarate 3. The glutamate then functions as the amino group donor for biosynthetic pathways or for excretion pathway 4. Amino transferase contain the prosthetic group, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) 5. PLP is covalently bound to lysine through aldimine (Schiff base) 6. Aminotransferases ar ...
... atom of a-ketoglutarate 3. The glutamate then functions as the amino group donor for biosynthetic pathways or for excretion pathway 4. Amino transferase contain the prosthetic group, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) 5. PLP is covalently bound to lysine through aldimine (Schiff base) 6. Aminotransferases ar ...
5-2 Necleotide Metabolism (pyrimidine) - Home
... •catalyzes the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi •ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by ...
... •catalyzes the condensation of carbamoyl phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi •ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by ...
DNA Three Way Junction Core Decorated with Amino Acids
... catalyzed by ribonucleic acids moieties without any participation of protein amino acids residues in the active site [1,2]. Therefore, it has been tempting to search for nucleic acid catalysts that could perform the reverse reaction, i.e., peptide bond hydrolysis that is commonly assumed by protease ...
... catalyzed by ribonucleic acids moieties without any participation of protein amino acids residues in the active site [1,2]. Therefore, it has been tempting to search for nucleic acid catalysts that could perform the reverse reaction, i.e., peptide bond hydrolysis that is commonly assumed by protease ...
Hematology Biochemistry lec.6 Heme synthesis Heme synthesis isn
... 2.succinyl coA :a krebs cycle intermediate (mitochondrial) These 2 precursors condense (8 molecules of each one per heme) by a synthase that requires the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate ,and the condensation product is an unstable intermediate that undergoes decarboxylation to give an acidic molecule c ...
... 2.succinyl coA :a krebs cycle intermediate (mitochondrial) These 2 precursors condense (8 molecules of each one per heme) by a synthase that requires the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate ,and the condensation product is an unstable intermediate that undergoes decarboxylation to give an acidic molecule c ...
No Slide Title
... NPY Inhibition of Catecholamine Release Catecholamine synthesis and release are two separate but related processes that influence the level of catecholaminergic neurotransmission. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is highly homologous to peptide YY (PYY). NPY exerts its various b ...
... NPY Inhibition of Catecholamine Release Catecholamine synthesis and release are two separate but related processes that influence the level of catecholaminergic neurotransmission. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that is highly homologous to peptide YY (PYY). NPY exerts its various b ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
... This reaction also protects proteins with cysteine residues from becoming oxidized to the disulfide since the GSH can be used to reduce the protein disulfide back to the thiol form: Protein—SS—Protein 2GSH ∆ 2 protein—SH GSSG A somewhat more trivial thing to remember about the HMP pathway is tha ...
... This reaction also protects proteins with cysteine residues from becoming oxidized to the disulfide since the GSH can be used to reduce the protein disulfide back to the thiol form: Protein—SS—Protein 2GSH ∆ 2 protein—SH GSSG A somewhat more trivial thing to remember about the HMP pathway is tha ...
24.9 Synthesis of Amino Acids
... Synthesis of Glutamine The synthesis of the other nonessential amino acids may require several reactions in addition to transamination. Glutamine is synthesized when a second amino group is added to glutamate using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP ...
... Synthesis of Glutamine The synthesis of the other nonessential amino acids may require several reactions in addition to transamination. Glutamine is synthesized when a second amino group is added to glutamate using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP ...
Introduction- Amino acid protection and deprotection is particularly
... attached to a different carbon atom; for example, in gamma-amino acids (such as gamma-aminobutyric acid) the carbon atom to which the amino group attaches is separated from the carboxylate group by two other carbon atoms. The various alpha-amino acids differ in which side-chain (R-group) is attached ...
... attached to a different carbon atom; for example, in gamma-amino acids (such as gamma-aminobutyric acid) the carbon atom to which the amino group attaches is separated from the carboxylate group by two other carbon atoms. The various alpha-amino acids differ in which side-chain (R-group) is attached ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... Note: Acetyl residue successively added is derived from the 2C atoms of malonyl CoA with the release of the third C as CO2 EXCEPT the 2 donated by the original acetyl CoA which are found at the methyl group end of the fatty acid. ...
... Note: Acetyl residue successively added is derived from the 2C atoms of malonyl CoA with the release of the third C as CO2 EXCEPT the 2 donated by the original acetyl CoA which are found at the methyl group end of the fatty acid. ...
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not suffer from this limitation, although it is, most often, carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA, BNA.To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. Products are often isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity. Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15–25 bases in length.Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes.