Cellular Respiration Notes
... molecules are converted to CO2, and two more ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose. First, each 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecule has a CO2 broken off and the other two carbons are transferred to a molecule called acetyl coenzyme A, while a molecule of NADH is formed from NAD+ for each pyr ...
... molecules are converted to CO2, and two more ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose. First, each 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecule has a CO2 broken off and the other two carbons are transferred to a molecule called acetyl coenzyme A, while a molecule of NADH is formed from NAD+ for each pyr ...
Large Intestine
... and chronic functional abdominal pain are other disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes, but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies. They are aberrations of normal bowel function but not ...
... and chronic functional abdominal pain are other disorders of the intestine that have physiological causes, but do not have identifiable structural, chemical, or infectious pathologies. They are aberrations of normal bowel function but not ...
chapter 11 - rci.rutgers.edu
... contrast to glycolysis which is anaerobic. The CAC takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells – whereas glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The immediate products of the CAC are reduced cofactors (NADH and FADH2) which then feed electrons into oxidative phosphorylation, yielding muc ...
... contrast to glycolysis which is anaerobic. The CAC takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells – whereas glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. The immediate products of the CAC are reduced cofactors (NADH and FADH2) which then feed electrons into oxidative phosphorylation, yielding muc ...
Protein Synthesis
... molecule of water. This is called a condensation reaction and usually occurs between amino acids. The resulting CO-NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide. A peptide bond can be broken down by hydrolysis (the adding of water). The peptide bonds that are formed within ...
... molecule of water. This is called a condensation reaction and usually occurs between amino acids. The resulting CO-NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide. A peptide bond can be broken down by hydrolysis (the adding of water). The peptide bonds that are formed within ...
Paramecium Coloring
... Paramecium are unicellular protozoans classified in the phylum Ciliophora (pronounced sill-eeuh-FORE-uh), and the Kingdom Protista. They live in quiet or stagnant ponds and are an essential part of the food chain. They feed on algae and other microorganisms, and other small organisms eat them. All m ...
... Paramecium are unicellular protozoans classified in the phylum Ciliophora (pronounced sill-eeuh-FORE-uh), and the Kingdom Protista. They live in quiet or stagnant ponds and are an essential part of the food chain. They feed on algae and other microorganisms, and other small organisms eat them. All m ...
Seed Germination and Reserve Mobilization
... completed, as the embryo grows into a seedling (Phase III). These kinetics of water uptake are influenced by the structure of the seed, in that water may not enter all parts equally, but may be directed preferentially towards the embryo or its radicle (e.g. in cereals; Hou et al., 1997). The influx of ...
... completed, as the embryo grows into a seedling (Phase III). These kinetics of water uptake are influenced by the structure of the seed, in that water may not enter all parts equally, but may be directed preferentially towards the embryo or its radicle (e.g. in cereals; Hou et al., 1997). The influx of ...
2 H
... – α-hemolysis: greenish hue, partial breakdown of red blood cells – β-hemolysis: clearing, breaks down red blood cells and hemoglobin completely – γ-hemolysis: no hemolysins ...
... – α-hemolysis: greenish hue, partial breakdown of red blood cells – β-hemolysis: clearing, breaks down red blood cells and hemoglobin completely – γ-hemolysis: no hemolysins ...
Glucose Support Formula
... alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid).......................................................................................... 100 mg maitake mushroom (grifola frondosa) extract (whole plant body)................................ 200 mg other ingredients: vegetarian capsule: (cellulose, water) ...
... alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid).......................................................................................... 100 mg maitake mushroom (grifola frondosa) extract (whole plant body)................................ 200 mg other ingredients: vegetarian capsule: (cellulose, water) ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... Fats are first converted digested, transported, and delivered to cells as free fatty acids Fatty acids transported to the mitochondria where they are oxidized Each two carbon segment is converted to acetyl-CoA that can be further oxidized in the CAC ...
... Fats are first converted digested, transported, and delivered to cells as free fatty acids Fatty acids transported to the mitochondria where they are oxidized Each two carbon segment is converted to acetyl-CoA that can be further oxidized in the CAC ...
Superior mesenteric artery
... Nerve supply:A- Parasympathetic nerve supply:- From right & left vagi - Secretomotor to gastric glands, motor to muscles of stomach but inhibitory to pyloric sphincter B- Sympathetic supply:- Form celiac plexus - Motor to pyloric sphincter C- Pain transmitting nerve fibers:- Pass with the sympathet ...
... Nerve supply:A- Parasympathetic nerve supply:- From right & left vagi - Secretomotor to gastric glands, motor to muscles of stomach but inhibitory to pyloric sphincter B- Sympathetic supply:- Form celiac plexus - Motor to pyloric sphincter C- Pain transmitting nerve fibers:- Pass with the sympathet ...
chapter 23
... arranged in such a way that hydrogen bonds link the hydroxyl groups of adjacent glucose molecules to form insoluble fibrous sheets. These sheets of cellulose make up plant cell walls. More than 50% of the total organic matter in the world is cellulose. People cannot digest cellulose, but when we eat ...
... arranged in such a way that hydrogen bonds link the hydroxyl groups of adjacent glucose molecules to form insoluble fibrous sheets. These sheets of cellulose make up plant cell walls. More than 50% of the total organic matter in the world is cellulose. People cannot digest cellulose, but when we eat ...
outlines
... Impermeable to ions and polar molecules but non-polar molecules can typically diffuse across the membrane Asymmetry: inner and outer layers of the membrane often have differing compositions Membrane Proteins Integral Membrane Proteins Peripheral Membrane Protein Transmembrane Proteins Lipid Protein ...
... Impermeable to ions and polar molecules but non-polar molecules can typically diffuse across the membrane Asymmetry: inner and outer layers of the membrane often have differing compositions Membrane Proteins Integral Membrane Proteins Peripheral Membrane Protein Transmembrane Proteins Lipid Protein ...
Vitamins - Mushrooms Canada
... daily serving of Vegetables and Fruit. When it comes to the B vitamins, including riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid, fresh mushrooms make a good choice. Fresh mushrooms also make an important contribution to daily intakes of folate, thiamin and vitamin B6. Here, we’ve listed the nutrient amoun ...
... daily serving of Vegetables and Fruit. When it comes to the B vitamins, including riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid, fresh mushrooms make a good choice. Fresh mushrooms also make an important contribution to daily intakes of folate, thiamin and vitamin B6. Here, we’ve listed the nutrient amoun ...
anmol publications pvt. ltd.
... they undergo a process called dehydration synthesis. Different macromolecules can assemble in larger complexes, often needed for ...
... they undergo a process called dehydration synthesis. Different macromolecules can assemble in larger complexes, often needed for ...
1 - SMIC Nutrition Science
... Answer (key points): Although most cells can use glucose and fatty acids for energy, the brain and central nervous system use glucose preferentially, and red blood cells use glucose exclusively. To ensure that these and other tissues have a continual supply of glucose, small amounts of glucose are s ...
... Answer (key points): Although most cells can use glucose and fatty acids for energy, the brain and central nervous system use glucose preferentially, and red blood cells use glucose exclusively. To ensure that these and other tissues have a continual supply of glucose, small amounts of glucose are s ...
File
... Enzymes help to get as much juice as possible from the fruit. Practical – Pectinase & Fruit Juice ...
... Enzymes help to get as much juice as possible from the fruit. Practical – Pectinase & Fruit Juice ...
L6 Proteins of cereals and legumes - e
... phytic acid phosphate esters bind to the cationic group of basic amino acids, for example, arginine, histidine and lysine, may form insoluble phytateprotein complexes. At a pH above the isoelectric point of proteins, the charge of proteins as well as that of the phytic acid is negative – direct inte ...
... phytic acid phosphate esters bind to the cationic group of basic amino acids, for example, arginine, histidine and lysine, may form insoluble phytateprotein complexes. At a pH above the isoelectric point of proteins, the charge of proteins as well as that of the phytic acid is negative – direct inte ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... This is evolution’s answer to the problem of converting fatty acids into carbohydrates. Some plant seeds store fat. At germination, the plant needs carbohydrates for many purposes, including building its structure. It lacks leaves, and so can’t make carbohydrates by photosynthesis. It needs to conve ...
... This is evolution’s answer to the problem of converting fatty acids into carbohydrates. Some plant seeds store fat. At germination, the plant needs carbohydrates for many purposes, including building its structure. It lacks leaves, and so can’t make carbohydrates by photosynthesis. It needs to conve ...
Metabolism - College of the Canyons
... Lipogenesis and Lipolysis Pathways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Lipogenesis and Lipolysis Pathways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Document
... Mainly occurs in cytosol Some precursors are produced in mitochondria Takes place in liver and kidney Synthesis of glucose or glycogen from non carbohydrates like pyruvate, lactate glucogenic amino acids, glycerol and propionic acid Pathway involves steps of TCA cycle and reversal of glycolysis ...
... Mainly occurs in cytosol Some precursors are produced in mitochondria Takes place in liver and kidney Synthesis of glucose or glycogen from non carbohydrates like pyruvate, lactate glucogenic amino acids, glycerol and propionic acid Pathway involves steps of TCA cycle and reversal of glycolysis ...
Molecular Interactions in Cell events
... Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then helps to activate more trypsinogen molecules ...
... Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then helps to activate more trypsinogen molecules ...
Chapter 25
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
Unit 1.1 Building Blocks of Life The student knows the significance of
... The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms. The student is expected to: ...
... The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms. The student is expected to: ...
AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 - Livonia Public Schools
... are called ______________ The subunits joined to make proteins amino acids are _______________ The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose ...
... are called ______________ The subunits joined to make proteins amino acids are _______________ The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose ...
Ch. 25
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.