Download AP BIOLOGY Chapter 4 - Livonia Public Schools

AP BIOLOGY
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG
http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg
Identify the following functional groups
carbonyl
carboxyl
amino
Hydroxyl
(alcohol)
Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate
sulfhydryl
phosphate
Identify the kind of molecules
aldehyde
Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm
ketone
Identify the asymmetric carbon in the
following molecule
B is asymmetric; it has 4 different
groups attached
Campbell and Reece 7th edition
Identify the type of geometric isomer
as TRANS or CIS
CIS
TRANS
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
adding a phosphate
Cells store energy by ________________
group to ADP
a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP
b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP
Compounds containing carbon are called
___________
organic
IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE
phosphate
carbonyl
sulfhydryl
carboxyl
amino
carbonyl
hydroxyl
? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz
Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with
4 different atoms at the same time.
___
The ionized form of an amino group has a
___ charge.
positive
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif
Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?
It can form 4 covalent bonds
These are examples of which kind of
isomer you learned abouut?
geometric
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png
Molecules that are mirror images of each
other that differ in spatial arrangement
around an asymmetric carbon are called
Enantiomers (stereoisomers)
________________
How are isomers are different from isotopes?
ISOMERS are molecules with the same
molecular formula but different structures
ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Hydrocarbons contain many _________
Nonpolar
carbon-hydrogen bonds.
polar
nonpolar
The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a
___ charge.
negative
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm
Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
Chemical reaction in which two molecules
covalently bond to each other with the
removal of a water molecule
Condensation reaction
(Dehydration synthesis)
Name the four main classes of
biological macromolecules
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
The simplest sugars are called
monosaccharides
________________
GLYCOGEN
_____________
is the highly branched
polysaccharide used by animal cells to
store glucose.
NONPOLAR molecules
Lipids are____________
polar nonpolar
Chemical process that splits molecules
by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm
Molecules made of two monosaccharides
dissaccharides
are called ______________
The subunits joined to make proteins
amino acids
are _______________
The major polysaccharide component
found in plant cell walls is
_____________________
cellulose
Use the correct numbering sequence to
identify the number of this carbon
6
5
4
1
3
2
Carbohydrates made from joining many
sugar molecules together are called
polysaccharides
____________________
Glucose and fructose can be joined to make
dehydration synthesis
sucrose via a ___________________
reaction.
The two interconvertible forms of glucose
differ in the placement of the hydroxyl
group attached to the #1 carbon.
Label the two forms as α (alpha) or ß (beta)
BETA
Hydroxyl is up
ALPHA
Hydroxyl is down
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif
Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of
starch
_____________
How are these different?
Amylose is unbranched and joined only
by α 1,4 linkages
Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkages
at the branch points
How are starch and cellulose different?
Starch is made up of glucose rings in the
α (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages;
helical; can be branched; humans can
digest this
Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in
the ß (beta) form so every other glucose
is upside down the respect to its
neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages;
straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds
join parallel molecules into microfibrils;
humans can’t digest this
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell
walls, consisting of glucose monomers
joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
cellulose
Where is chitin found in nature?
Cell walls of fungi;
exoskeletons of arthropods
Which type of bonds hold the parallel
cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose
molecules together to make a microfibril
Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition
Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif
This subunit is
N-acetylglucosamine
_________________
(NAG)
It can be joined together in long chains by
chitin
ß 1,4 linkages to make _________
Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their
shape so that they don’t pack closely
together- saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule
fat
What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge?
ionic
covalent
hydrogen
covalent
A fatty acid possessing one or more double
bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon
unsaturated
tail is called _______________
Which type of bonds hold the parallel
cellulose strands together?
Hydrogen bonds
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail are connected by single
saturated
bonds is called _______________
The subunit used to make starch, cellulose,
glucose
and glycogen is __________
The sequence of aminoo acids in a protein
Primary 1 structure
is called the ________
The polysaccharide made up of glucose
subunits with a nitrogen containing group
attached which is used to build the
exoskeletons of arthropods is called
_______________
chitin
A fat is made up of one ________
glycerol molecule
and three ___________
fatty acid
molecules.
Amino acid molecules used by living things are
L stereoisomer version.
usually the ___
L
or
D
The covalent bond
that joins sugar
molecules to make
a polysaccharide is
called a
glycosidic bond.
_________
The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated
sheet shapes seen in proteins is called
o
Secondary 2
the _____________
structure.
Which kinds of bond holds these together?
Hydrogen bonds between the C=O of
one amino acid and the N-H of another
The addition of smaller similar subuints to
build a large repeating molecule is called
polymerization
The subunits are called
monomers
___________
and the
molecule that is formed is
polymer
called a ______________
Image by K.Riedell
Sugar molecules used by living things are
D stereoisomer version.
usually the ___
L
or
D
The structural polysaccharide found
in plant cell walls that provides support
cellulose
is ____________
Chaparonins
_____________
are molecules that help
proteins fold up into their correct 3D
shape by shielding them from the
cytoplasmic environment.
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.
Sugars with 6 carbons are called
hexoses
_______________
Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars?
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are
disaccharides
called __________________
Name one of the polysaccharides
you learned about.
Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin
The kind of covalent bond that joins
amino acids together is called
peptide bond
a _________
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are
_________
at room temperature.
liquid
solid
liquid
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
The folding of a protein molecule into its
3D shape due to the interactions of R
side chains involved hydrophobic
interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen
bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its
o
___________
structure.
Tertiary 3
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
Tell the kind of
macromolecule you learned
about that could be built
from these subunits
Fat (triacylglycerol)
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html
This isomer of glucose
in which the -OH on C1
hangs down below the
plane of the ring is called
_____ glucose
α
Name a polysaccharide that this form of
glucose could be used to make
Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen
The association of multiple protein chains
o
Quaternary
4
together results in its _____________
http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
Saturated fats and fatty acids are
_________
at room temperature.
solid
solid
liquid
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm
This isomer of glucose
in which the -OH on C1
sticks up above the plane
of the ring is called
_____ glucose
ß
Name a polysaccharide that this form of
glucose could be used to make
Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)
Name this type of
Lipid characterized
by a carbon skeleton
consisting of 4 rings
with various
functional groups
steroids
Sugar molecules with 6 carbons are
called hexoses
________
Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA?
thymine
Name this steroid
from which other
steroids including
human sex hormones
are synthesized.
cholesterol
Which part of a phospholipid is polar?
Glycerol-phosphate head
http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg
A diet high in
saturated
____________
fats is one of
the factors that
can contribute
to cardiovascular
disease.
saturated unsaturated
CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH
Differences:
Glycogen
Starch
Highly branched
amylose (unbranched)
amylopectin
(less branched than glycogen)
Made by animals
made by plants
α 1,4 & 1,6
Which part of a phospholipid molecule is
non-polar?
Fatty acid tails
ENZYMES are proteins that act
__________
as catalysts to speed up
chemical reactions in living things
How many fatty acid tails are found in a
phospholipid? 2
Fatty acid molecules consist of long
hydrocarbon chains with which functional
group attached at one end?
carboxyl
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg
COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCH
Alike:
Made of α –glucose subunits
α 1,4 linkages
1,6 linkages @ branch points
Glycosidic bonds
Glucose polymers
Ways to store glucose
Digestible by humans
Which of the four biomolecule groups you
learned is hydrophobic?
lipids
Another name for a fat is
triacylglycerol
____________________
Which of these structures would NOT
be found in a DNA molecule?
A (ribose)
and D (uracil)
Image from LearningExpress.com
Dehydration synthesis is also called
condensation reaction.
____________
Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA?
uracil
The addition of a phosphate group to ADP
stores
____________
energy.
stores
releases
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry
carbon
that studies molecules that contain _______
The removal of a phosphate group from
releases
ATP to form ADP____________
energy.
stores
releases
TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the same
chemical properties because they contain
the same number and kinds of atoms
TRUE or FALSE
L and D stereoisomers have the same
chemical properties because they contain
the same number and kinds of atoms
FALSE
L and D enantiomers can have very different
chemical properties.
Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, but D-Dopa has
no effect on patients.
Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning
sickness; other form caused birth defects
Name the structural polysaccharide
found in the cell walls of plants that
provides support
cellulose
Polymers of amino acids are called
polypeptides
______________
Chemical bond in which atoms share
2 pairs of electrons
Covalent double bond
List some functions of fat
Energy storage
(1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as
1 g of polysaccharide)
Cushions vital organs
Insulates body against heat loss (blubber)
List some functions of nucleic acids
Store genetic information
Protein synthesis
Nucleotide subunits:
ATP: store and transport energy
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Coenzyme A
energy/electron carriers
Which form of glucose is used to build
cellulose molecules?
ß-glucose
The “kinks” in fatty acids are due to
cis-double bonds
_____________________
Which chemical reaction joins glycerol
and fatty acids to make a fat?
Dehydration synthesis or condensation
The place on an enzyme where the
substrate attaches is called the
Active site
_______________
The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed
substrate
reaction is called a _____________
Name the amino acid that can form
disulfide bridges
Cysteine
Which functional group is responsible for
the formation of disulfide bridges?
-SH sulfhydryl
The unwinding and loss of conformation
denaturing
in proteins is called _____________
Which is the only amino acid without an
asymmetric carbon?
GLYCINE
It has an –H
for its R group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png
Name an environmental factor that can
cause proteins to denature
pH extremes
Salt concentration
Temperature (heat)
TRUE or FALSE
Denaturing in proteins is due to the
disruption of peptide bonds
False; 1° remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and
disulfide bridges in 2° & 3°are disrupted
Which amino acid is involved in making disulfide
bridges to form the tertiary structure of
proteins?
cysteine
-SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm
COMPARE and CONTRAST:
DNA
RNA
Double stranded
Contain A, T, C, G
No uracil
Deoxyribose
Store genetic info
Single stranded
Contain A, U, C, G
No thymine
Ribose
Carry info from DNA to cell
Protein synthesis
BOTH:
Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers,
Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis,
Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases,
have phosphate-sugar backbones,
Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 rings
purines
are called _______________
The two sugar-phosphate backbones in
a DNA molecule run in opposite directions,
an arrangement referred to as
antiparallel
___________________
Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ring
pyrimidines
are called _______________
Name the subunit used to build nucleic
acids which consists of a pentose sugar,
nitrogen base, and a phosphate group.
nucleotide
The nitrogen bases that join by
hydrogen bonds to form the stair steps
of the DNA ladder always pair up so that
a pyrimidine-a purine match up with each
_________________
other.
two purines
two pyrimidines
a pyrimidine-a purine
Give an example of a pyrimidine
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)
In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs up
cytosine
with _____________
Which of these structures would NOT
be found in an RNA molecule?
C (deoxyribose)
and F (thymine)
Image from LearningExpress.com
Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon
trioses
atoms are called _____________
Which carbon is important in determining
whether a glucose molecule is in the
α or ß form?
C1
In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs
thymine
with _____________
A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen base
nucleoside
attached is called a _____________
Molecules with both polar and nonpolar
parts are called _______________
amphipathic
Molecules containing only hydrogen and
hydrocarbons
carbon are called ________________
Compare and contrast phospholipids and
triglycerides (fat)
BOTH
Glycerol backbone
Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached
By ester linkages
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
2 fatty acid chains
phosphate group
Amphipathic
(polar head; nonpolar tails)
3 fatty acid chains
nonpolar
Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ?
Cysteine
methionine
Look at these structures. Why can’t methionine form
disulfide bridges?
No –SH group; it’s got a methyl group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png
Tell the central dogma of molecular biology
that describes how information flows
in eukaryotic cells
DNA →RNA → proteins
Write the chemical formula for a
monosaccharide with 3 carbons
C3H6O3
What disaccharide does it make?
maltose
Glucose + glucose = ______________
sucrose
Glucose + fructose = ____________
lactose
Glucose + galactose = ______________
http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg
Table sugar is called
sucrose
____________
Which parts of a nucleotide form the
backbone of a nucleic acid?
Sugar and phosphate
Put the following in order from least to
most branched…
Glycogen
amylose
amylose
amylopectin
amylopectin glycogen
Saturated
___________
fats are more common in
animals than plants.
TRUE or FALSE
Amino acids be enantiomers
True; the center carbon is attached to 4
different groups; there are D and L forms
of all amino acids except glycine
https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif
Name the only amino acid of the 20
amino acids used to make proteins that
doesn’t have a stereoisomer
(enantiomer) GLYCINE
It does NOT
have a chiral
carbon; it does
not have 4
different groups
attached
Amylase is an enzyme that can break
glyosidic linkages between α-glucose monomers.
Which of the following could amylase
break down?
cellulose
glycogen
amylopectin
starch
chitin
Glycogen, amylopectin, starch
? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz