Krebs Cycle
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
... Because most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen atoms, they are called dehydrogenation reactions. • When a substance is oxidized, the liberated hydrogen atoms do not remain free in the cell but are transferred immediately by coenzymes to another compound. • Reduction is the opposite ...
Section 6 – Catalysis
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
... Conversion of an inactive enzyme to an active one Example Trypsinogen – Trypsin Trypsinogen is synthesised in the Pancreas Activation occurs when trypsinogen has amino acids removed in the duodenum by another protease enzyme This changes the trypsinogen into the active form trypsin Trypsin then help ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... strictly vegetarian diet, it is a challenging task because some of them are present in only a few specific plants (like soy beans). A balanced omnivorous diet (containing a variety of fruits and vegetables, and moderate amount of animal protein) is the easiest and safest way to obtain all the essent ...
... strictly vegetarian diet, it is a challenging task because some of them are present in only a few specific plants (like soy beans). A balanced omnivorous diet (containing a variety of fruits and vegetables, and moderate amount of animal protein) is the easiest and safest way to obtain all the essent ...
INTRODUCTORY BIOCHEMISTRY BI 28 Second Midterm
... CH2OPO3H218. [2] Gluconeogenesis shares some, but not all, enzymes with the glycolytic pathway. It would appear to be more efficient if both pathways used all of the same enzymes since the pathways are essentially the reverse of each other. Why don’t both pathways use all of the same enzymes? A) The ...
... CH2OPO3H218. [2] Gluconeogenesis shares some, but not all, enzymes with the glycolytic pathway. It would appear to be more efficient if both pathways used all of the same enzymes since the pathways are essentially the reverse of each other. Why don’t both pathways use all of the same enzymes? A) The ...
Chapter 3 - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
... – Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings – Examples are hormones such as estrogen and testosterone ...
... – Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings – Examples are hormones such as estrogen and testosterone ...
Cell Energy Part 3 – Respiration
... Organized into pathways, where one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical Two categories: catabolism and anabolism ...
... Organized into pathways, where one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical Two categories: catabolism and anabolism ...
ENZYMES
... destroy the stomach lining. This can lead to open sores in the stomach. These sores (called ulcers) bleed and cause stomach pain. Normally the pepsin is not activated if there is no food because the acid is not produced. ...
... destroy the stomach lining. This can lead to open sores in the stomach. These sores (called ulcers) bleed and cause stomach pain. Normally the pepsin is not activated if there is no food because the acid is not produced. ...
Energy in Ecosystems Part 2 : Cell Respiration
... How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration part of the circle of life? ...
... How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration part of the circle of life? ...
Section 2.5
... 6. (a) Potatoes contain starch and our saliva contains an enzyme that is able to break down the starch into its monomers, glucose. The glucose tastes sweet to us. (b) We do not produce the enzyme required to break down cellulose into glucose, so no glucose is produced in the mouth and grass would no ...
... 6. (a) Potatoes contain starch and our saliva contains an enzyme that is able to break down the starch into its monomers, glucose. The glucose tastes sweet to us. (b) We do not produce the enzyme required to break down cellulose into glucose, so no glucose is produced in the mouth and grass would no ...
Thursday, September 4 Bell Work: Predict the outcome of slight
... can’t hydrolyze linkages in cellulose The cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as “insoluble fiber” Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
... can’t hydrolyze linkages in cellulose The cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as “insoluble fiber” Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
Which of the following molecules is most likely to be used in a
... A) digestion, citric acid cycle, ATP production, acetyl-ScoA production B) digestion, citric acid cycle, acetyl-ScoA production, ATP production C) citric acid cycle, digestion, acetyl-ScoA production, ATP production D) digestion, acetyl-ScoA production, citric acid cycle, ATP production E) digestion ...
... A) digestion, citric acid cycle, ATP production, acetyl-ScoA production B) digestion, citric acid cycle, acetyl-ScoA production, ATP production C) citric acid cycle, digestion, acetyl-ScoA production, ATP production D) digestion, acetyl-ScoA production, citric acid cycle, ATP production E) digestion ...
Amino Acid composition of vegetables and fruits from
... give favorable balance of essential and nonessential amino acids, comparable to animal products (', 2). Even the potato tuber, which is commonly considered an "energy food", has also been found to contain protein of high biological value (3, 41. Since the amino acid composition and the biological va ...
... give favorable balance of essential and nonessential amino acids, comparable to animal products (', 2). Even the potato tuber, which is commonly considered an "energy food", has also been found to contain protein of high biological value (3, 41. Since the amino acid composition and the biological va ...
Slide 1
... 2.3. Digestion of dietary fats Digestion in stomach Lingual lipase -----acid stable Gastric lipase -----acid stable • These enzymes are most effective for short and medium chain fatty acids • Milk, egg yolk and fats containing short chain fatty acids are suitable substrates for its action • P ...
... 2.3. Digestion of dietary fats Digestion in stomach Lingual lipase -----acid stable Gastric lipase -----acid stable • These enzymes are most effective for short and medium chain fatty acids • Milk, egg yolk and fats containing short chain fatty acids are suitable substrates for its action • P ...
What Is Food Science? - NFSC Faculty Website
... be “saturated” (with hydrogen) Fats with double bonds are referred to as mono-, di-, or tri- Unsaturated, referring to the number of double bonds. Some fish oils may have 4 or 5 double bonds (polyunsat). Fats are named based on carbon number and number of double bonds (16:0, 16:1, 18:2 etc) ...
... be “saturated” (with hydrogen) Fats with double bonds are referred to as mono-, di-, or tri- Unsaturated, referring to the number of double bonds. Some fish oils may have 4 or 5 double bonds (polyunsat). Fats are named based on carbon number and number of double bonds (16:0, 16:1, 18:2 etc) ...
Protein: Amino Acids
... – In the small intestine, polypeptides broken down into tri-, dipeptides and amino acids by pancreatic and intestinal proteases – Cells in the small intestine absorb amino acids – Enzymes on the surface split dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids – Amino acids enter blood and travel to liver ...
... – In the small intestine, polypeptides broken down into tri-, dipeptides and amino acids by pancreatic and intestinal proteases – Cells in the small intestine absorb amino acids – Enzymes on the surface split dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids – Amino acids enter blood and travel to liver ...
Chapter 5 Active Lecture Questions
... a. the oxidation of pyruvic acid b. the way cells produce CO2 c. a series of chemical reactions in which NADH is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic acid d. a method of producing ATP by phosphorylating ADP e. a series of chemical reactions in which ATP is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic ac ...
... a. the oxidation of pyruvic acid b. the way cells produce CO2 c. a series of chemical reactions in which NADH is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic acid d. a method of producing ATP by phosphorylating ADP e. a series of chemical reactions in which ATP is produced from the oxidation of pyruvic ac ...
Regulation of Metabolism
... • Some protein may be reused for protein synthesis. • Only need 35 g/day. • 9 essential amino acids. • Average daily turnover for fats is 100 g/day. • Little is actually required in the diet. • Fat can be produced from excess carbohydrates. • Essential fatty acids: • Linoleic and linolenic acids. ...
... • Some protein may be reused for protein synthesis. • Only need 35 g/day. • 9 essential amino acids. • Average daily turnover for fats is 100 g/day. • Little is actually required in the diet. • Fat can be produced from excess carbohydrates. • Essential fatty acids: • Linoleic and linolenic acids. ...
Overview of Absorptive/Post-Absorptive States
... alpha cells of the pancreatic islets) and epinephrine, thus beginning the post-‐absorptive state (step “1” in Figure 2). After about four hours of liver glycogenolysis, liver stores start to become deple ...
... alpha cells of the pancreatic islets) and epinephrine, thus beginning the post-‐absorptive state (step “1” in Figure 2). After about four hours of liver glycogenolysis, liver stores start to become deple ...
Cellular respiration
... 8. Chemical reactions of citric acid cycle produces CO2, ATP, and NADPH. 9. Kreb’s cycle is the reason for the carbon dioxide you exhale. 10. Kreb’s cycle is used to convert any molecule into another molecule. 11. Kreb’s cycle is involved in anabolizing and catabolizing proteins, fats, carbohydrates ...
... 8. Chemical reactions of citric acid cycle produces CO2, ATP, and NADPH. 9. Kreb’s cycle is the reason for the carbon dioxide you exhale. 10. Kreb’s cycle is used to convert any molecule into another molecule. 11. Kreb’s cycle is involved in anabolizing and catabolizing proteins, fats, carbohydrates ...
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
... with one or a few new introduced traits remain substantially equivalent to their traditional counterparts. Thus the safety assessment is focused on those genes and their products that are introduced into the novel variety. Because ingested DNA is considered highly digestible and safe regardless of i ...
... with one or a few new introduced traits remain substantially equivalent to their traditional counterparts. Thus the safety assessment is focused on those genes and their products that are introduced into the novel variety. Because ingested DNA is considered highly digestible and safe regardless of i ...
Answer/Explanatory Notes
... papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were interpreted and applied in the same way by all examiners. It is hoped that th ...
... papers were taken so that reference could be made to the full range of candidates' responses, with photocopied scripts forming the basis of discussion. The aim of the conferences was to ensure that the marking schemes were interpreted and applied in the same way by all examiners. It is hoped that th ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.