red algae
... •Pectin is also used in throat lozenges as a demulcent. In cosmetic products, pectin acts as stabilizer. Pectin is also used in wound healing preparations and specialty medical adhesives, such as colostomy devices •Pectin is not digested, and is considered a beneficial dietary fiber. In human digest ...
... •Pectin is also used in throat lozenges as a demulcent. In cosmetic products, pectin acts as stabilizer. Pectin is also used in wound healing preparations and specialty medical adhesives, such as colostomy devices •Pectin is not digested, and is considered a beneficial dietary fiber. In human digest ...
Structure and physical-chemical properties of enzymes
... food enzyme from pineapple. Aids digestion of fatsCatalaseworks with SOD to reduce free radical productionCellulasedigests cellulose, the fibrous component of most vegtable matter Chymotrypsinhelps convert chyme Diastasea pontent vegtable starch digestantLactasedigests lactose, or milk sugar, (almos ...
... food enzyme from pineapple. Aids digestion of fatsCatalaseworks with SOD to reduce free radical productionCellulasedigests cellulose, the fibrous component of most vegtable matter Chymotrypsinhelps convert chyme Diastasea pontent vegtable starch digestantLactasedigests lactose, or milk sugar, (almos ...
Carbohydrate Chemistry - Dr. Sato-Bigbee
... inhibitors. Phosphate groups: Phosphate groups in carbohydrates play extremely important and different functions. The addition of a phosphate group (as ester bond) to glucose as it occurs in glucose6P makes the molecule more polar so it cannot cross the plasma membrane (lipidic). We will see i ...
... inhibitors. Phosphate groups: Phosphate groups in carbohydrates play extremely important and different functions. The addition of a phosphate group (as ester bond) to glucose as it occurs in glucose6P makes the molecule more polar so it cannot cross the plasma membrane (lipidic). We will see i ...
Analysis of energy metabolism in acetic acid bacteria during
... In both A. aceti and A. pasteurianus, the genes for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were found to be significantly repressed when ethanol was present in the medium, even in the presence of glucose or acetate.1,2) Acetobacter species are able to produce proton motive force that is used for ...
... In both A. aceti and A. pasteurianus, the genes for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were found to be significantly repressed when ethanol was present in the medium, even in the presence of glucose or acetate.1,2) Acetobacter species are able to produce proton motive force that is used for ...
FOOD PRESERVATIVES
... • Potasium Sorbate will produce Sorbic Acid once its dissolves in water • Widely used preservative in the world • Effective against yeast, molds, and bacteria • Effective up to pH 6.5 • Maximum level allowable by law is ...
... • Potasium Sorbate will produce Sorbic Acid once its dissolves in water • Widely used preservative in the world • Effective against yeast, molds, and bacteria • Effective up to pH 6.5 • Maximum level allowable by law is ...
Vitamins
... polypeptides into short peptide chains, tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids. Peptidase enzymes on the intestinal cell membrane surfaces split most of the dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids. Only a few peptides escape digestion and enter the blood intact. ...
... polypeptides into short peptide chains, tripeptides, dipeptides and amino acids. Peptidase enzymes on the intestinal cell membrane surfaces split most of the dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids. Only a few peptides escape digestion and enter the blood intact. ...
Protein Calorie Malnutrition
... poor utilization of stubstrate • Protein breakdown continues unabated In some burn patients amount of protein catabolized can reach 200 g/d = ~0.5 lb/day lean body mass! Severe protein malnutrition results in as little as 1 week. Repletion of body stores is not achievable until metabolic ...
... poor utilization of stubstrate • Protein breakdown continues unabated In some burn patients amount of protein catabolized can reach 200 g/d = ~0.5 lb/day lean body mass! Severe protein malnutrition results in as little as 1 week. Repletion of body stores is not achievable until metabolic ...
The Permeability Properties of Rat Liver Lysosomes to Nucleosides
... digestion are the mononucleotides, which could be further degraded within lysosomes by an enzyme or enzymes of the acid phosphatase complex to yield the nucleosides (Arsenis e t ul., 1970). The fate of nucleosides arising within lysosomes in this way is not known. One possibility is the penetration ...
... digestion are the mononucleotides, which could be further degraded within lysosomes by an enzyme or enzymes of the acid phosphatase complex to yield the nucleosides (Arsenis e t ul., 1970). The fate of nucleosides arising within lysosomes in this way is not known. One possibility is the penetration ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... metabolized to lactate or to CO2 and alcohol (it is species specific)…result can be net gain of only 2 ATP per molecule verses 32 – 34 under normal cycle just described ...
... metabolized to lactate or to CO2 and alcohol (it is species specific)…result can be net gain of only 2 ATP per molecule verses 32 – 34 under normal cycle just described ...
Chapter 03
... from a limited set of small molecules The four classes of biological molecules contain very large molecules. – They are often called macromolecules because of their large size. – They are also called polymers because they are made from identical building blocks strung together. – The building bloc ...
... from a limited set of small molecules The four classes of biological molecules contain very large molecules. – They are often called macromolecules because of their large size. – They are also called polymers because they are made from identical building blocks strung together. – The building bloc ...
Chapter 27 Reproductive Endocrinology
... anabolism > catabolism glucose is main E source excesses stored as glycogen, trigs ...
... anabolism > catabolism glucose is main E source excesses stored as glycogen, trigs ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Energy Production Metabolism and ATP Energy Important Coenzymes Glycolysis ...
... Energy Production Metabolism and ATP Energy Important Coenzymes Glycolysis ...
Lecture 08 Notes
... 2. Electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes build into the cristae (inner mitochondrial membrane) 3. Each protein oscillates between reduced and oxidized states as energized electrons from NADH ...
... 2. Electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes build into the cristae (inner mitochondrial membrane) 3. Each protein oscillates between reduced and oxidized states as energized electrons from NADH ...
Metabolic Pathways a..
... Energy Production Metabolism and ATP Energy Important Coenzymes Glycolysis ...
... Energy Production Metabolism and ATP Energy Important Coenzymes Glycolysis ...
Chap 4 Study Guide
... this chapter. These molecules act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in such diverse regions of the body as the stomach and intestine during digestion (chapter 17), in the blood and kidney where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance (chapter 15), and wit ...
... this chapter. These molecules act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in such diverse regions of the body as the stomach and intestine during digestion (chapter 17), in the blood and kidney where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps maintain acid-base balance (chapter 15), and wit ...
Enzymes
... • I can explain what it means for an enzyme to be specific, unchanged, and reusable. • I can recall the two ways enzymes are denatured. • I can identify the parts of an enzyme/substrate complex. • I can summarize the importance of enzymes in living organisms. ...
... • I can explain what it means for an enzyme to be specific, unchanged, and reusable. • I can recall the two ways enzymes are denatured. • I can identify the parts of an enzyme/substrate complex. • I can summarize the importance of enzymes in living organisms. ...
Chapter 1: Prelude
... phosphat. Major phosphoglycerides are derivates of this molecule. In glycolipids, one or more sugars are attached to the primary hydroxil group of the sphingosine backbone. Cholesterol is a key regulator of membrane fluidity: it prevents fatty acid chains to form rigid agglomerations by fitting betw ...
... phosphat. Major phosphoglycerides are derivates of this molecule. In glycolipids, one or more sugars are attached to the primary hydroxil group of the sphingosine backbone. Cholesterol is a key regulator of membrane fluidity: it prevents fatty acid chains to form rigid agglomerations by fitting betw ...
Macromolecules
... Amylose (starch) in plants; Glycogen in animals Human cells can digest starch but not synthesize it. They can both synthesize & digest glycogen ...
... Amylose (starch) in plants; Glycogen in animals Human cells can digest starch but not synthesize it. They can both synthesize & digest glycogen ...
Enzymes I
... and heme). Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction. Coenzymes include NADH, NADPH and adenosine triphosphate. These molecules transfer chemical groups between enzymes. ...
... and heme). Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction. Coenzymes include NADH, NADPH and adenosine triphosphate. These molecules transfer chemical groups between enzymes. ...
Objectives 7
... - Energy is stored as glycogen (carbohydrates), protein (amino acids) or triacylglyercols (fatty acids) - The four circulating fuels are glucose (most important), lactate, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies; these provide fuel in response to specific physiological conditions - In fed and early star ...
... - Energy is stored as glycogen (carbohydrates), protein (amino acids) or triacylglyercols (fatty acids) - The four circulating fuels are glucose (most important), lactate, free fatty acids, and ketone bodies; these provide fuel in response to specific physiological conditions - In fed and early star ...
glucose
... •GLUT 2 is more highly expressed in the periportal cells of the liver, also a characteristic of the gluconeogenic enzymes. •This type of regulation would support the argument that up-regulation of GLUT 2 was more critical in glucose export from the liver to maintain glucose homeostasis than in impor ...
... •GLUT 2 is more highly expressed in the periportal cells of the liver, also a characteristic of the gluconeogenic enzymes. •This type of regulation would support the argument that up-regulation of GLUT 2 was more critical in glucose export from the liver to maintain glucose homeostasis than in impor ...
Summary of Metabolism
... state. Required too maintain Na and K membrane potential in of nerve cells • Fats can’t serve as fuel because blood brain barrier prevents albumin access. • Under starvation can ketone bodies used. ...
... state. Required too maintain Na and K membrane potential in of nerve cells • Fats can’t serve as fuel because blood brain barrier prevents albumin access. • Under starvation can ketone bodies used. ...
MF011_fhs_lnt_004b_May11
... used for energy for cellular functions (more energy than glucose) Liver responsible for proper lipid concentrations in the blood. Lipids removed from blood by liver cells or transported to fat storage areas in the form of adipose tissue or lipoproteins for brain and nerve tissue synthesis Chol ...
... used for energy for cellular functions (more energy than glucose) Liver responsible for proper lipid concentrations in the blood. Lipids removed from blood by liver cells or transported to fat storage areas in the form of adipose tissue or lipoproteins for brain and nerve tissue synthesis Chol ...
Document
... combining substrates to create a larger molecule For example, the enzyme could be building up a sucrose molecule from glucose and fructose The next sequence shows how an enzyme can help to break a large molecule into smaller molecules ...
... combining substrates to create a larger molecule For example, the enzyme could be building up a sucrose molecule from glucose and fructose The next sequence shows how an enzyme can help to break a large molecule into smaller molecules ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.