Cellular Respiration
... • Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP. 2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Krebs 34 ATP from ETC • Reasons why ATP yield can be less than 38: Sometimes energy is required to transport NADH + H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some ...
... • Aerobic respiration produces a maximum of 38 ATP. 2 ATP from Glycolysis 2 ATP from Krebs 34 ATP from ETC • Reasons why ATP yield can be less than 38: Sometimes energy is required to transport NADH + H+ formed by glycolysis from the cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some ...
Encoded Digital Periodic Table
... This is because ever since the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition was proposed [1,2], many efforts have been made trying to use various digital numbers to represent the 20 native amino acids in order to better reflect the sequence-order effects through the vehicle of pseudo amino acid c ...
... This is because ever since the concept of Chou's pseudo amino acid composition was proposed [1,2], many efforts have been made trying to use various digital numbers to represent the 20 native amino acids in order to better reflect the sequence-order effects through the vehicle of pseudo amino acid c ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
... formation of FADH2. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A, becoming succinate, the energy thus released converts GDP to GTP, which in turn converts ADP to ATP. ...
All Proteins Have a Basic Molecular Formula
... classifications encompass many processes and elements, ranging from pathways to cellular compartments. These functional classifications have been shown to overlap considerably with each other [4]. Functionally, proteins are classified into the following: enzymes (proteins that catalyze chemical and ...
... classifications encompass many processes and elements, ranging from pathways to cellular compartments. These functional classifications have been shown to overlap considerably with each other [4]. Functionally, proteins are classified into the following: enzymes (proteins that catalyze chemical and ...
On the optimality of the genetic code, with the
... 2. Each alternative code is obtained by randomly assigning each of the 20 amino acids to one of these sets. All three stop codons remain invariant, in position for all alternative codes. In the next step we tried to include nonsense mistranslations along with other types of error, already being cons ...
... 2. Each alternative code is obtained by randomly assigning each of the 20 amino acids to one of these sets. All three stop codons remain invariant, in position for all alternative codes. In the next step we tried to include nonsense mistranslations along with other types of error, already being cons ...
Document
... Bile acids and bile salts • cholesterol is the precursor of bile acids and bile salts • synthesized in the liver • stored in the gall bladder • secreted into intestine • aids digestion by emulsifying dietary lipids making them accessible to pancreatic lipases • aids intestinal absorption of fat-sol ...
... Bile acids and bile salts • cholesterol is the precursor of bile acids and bile salts • synthesized in the liver • stored in the gall bladder • secreted into intestine • aids digestion by emulsifying dietary lipids making them accessible to pancreatic lipases • aids intestinal absorption of fat-sol ...
The Proteomic Code: a molecular recognition code for proteins
... proteomic codes and is suitable for large-scale, industrial production of specifically interacting peptides. ...
... proteomic codes and is suitable for large-scale, industrial production of specifically interacting peptides. ...
Felis domesticus papillomavirus, isolated from a skin lesion, is
... from a mucosal lesion, florid oral papillomatosis, and is grouped into the cutaneous papillomaviruses based on nucleotide sequence homology (Delius et al., 1994 ; Sundberg et al., 1994). However, since immunosuppressed dogs will develop cutaneous and oral papillomas (Sundberg et al., 1994), it is po ...
... from a mucosal lesion, florid oral papillomatosis, and is grouped into the cutaneous papillomaviruses based on nucleotide sequence homology (Delius et al., 1994 ; Sundberg et al., 1994). However, since immunosuppressed dogs will develop cutaneous and oral papillomas (Sundberg et al., 1994), it is po ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... Fatty acid b-oxidation: reactions, enzymes and coenzymes, final products, high-energy phosphate (ATP) production, stoichiometry of b-oxidation. The specific behaviour of odd-numbered and unsaturated fatty acids. Alternative pathways for the fatty acid oxidation. Glycerol oxidation: the enzymic steps ...
... Fatty acid b-oxidation: reactions, enzymes and coenzymes, final products, high-energy phosphate (ATP) production, stoichiometry of b-oxidation. The specific behaviour of odd-numbered and unsaturated fatty acids. Alternative pathways for the fatty acid oxidation. Glycerol oxidation: the enzymic steps ...
The serC-aroA operon of Escherichia coli
... frame (ORF) which extends from the Clal site to a point 70 bp before the aroA coding region startpoint. This, together with the observation that insertion of the Clal fragment to the left of the Clal site has no effect on aroA expression, suggested that aroA was part of an operon and was co-ordinate ...
... frame (ORF) which extends from the Clal site to a point 70 bp before the aroA coding region startpoint. This, together with the observation that insertion of the Clal fragment to the left of the Clal site has no effect on aroA expression, suggested that aroA was part of an operon and was co-ordinate ...
Chapter 14b
... - Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate by mitochondrial NADH. The transported malate reduces the cytosolic NAD+ to NADH and becomes oxaloacetate. The produced NADH is utilized at 1,3-BPG → GAP. 7. Regulation of gluconeogenesis - Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways are reciprocally regulated at thre ...
... - Oxaloacetate is reduced to malate by mitochondrial NADH. The transported malate reduces the cytosolic NAD+ to NADH and becomes oxaloacetate. The produced NADH is utilized at 1,3-BPG → GAP. 7. Regulation of gluconeogenesis - Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways are reciprocally regulated at thre ...
c - Hialeah Senior High School
... surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. Gap junctions are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues, including heart muscle and animal embryos. ...
... surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. Gap junctions are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues, including heart muscle and animal embryos. ...
intermediary metabolism
... Thus we have an energy cycle in cells, in which ATP serves as the energy carrying link between energy-yielding and energy requiring cellular processes. NADPH carries energy in the form of reducing power A second way of carrying chemical energy from reactions of catabolism to the energy requiring rea ...
... Thus we have an energy cycle in cells, in which ATP serves as the energy carrying link between energy-yielding and energy requiring cellular processes. NADPH carries energy in the form of reducing power A second way of carrying chemical energy from reactions of catabolism to the energy requiring rea ...
Part ONE - UCL Computer Science
... use to synthesize amino acids from DNA, the molecule that carries information in most living things. In order to focus on the information-theoretic aspects, we’ll slightly simplify our description. A strand of DNA is made of an ordered sequence of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains one of four possi ...
... use to synthesize amino acids from DNA, the molecule that carries information in most living things. In order to focus on the information-theoretic aspects, we’ll slightly simplify our description. A strand of DNA is made of an ordered sequence of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains one of four possi ...
Genomic organization of infectious salmon anaemia virus
... amino acid sequence was conserved, sharing 96n6 % identity with the NP protein of a Scottish ISAV isolate. Comparison of the amino acid sequences obtained by N-terminal analyses and cDNA nucleotide translation revealed that the 42 and 47 kDa proteins were the HA and P3 proteins encoded by segments 6 ...
... amino acid sequence was conserved, sharing 96n6 % identity with the NP protein of a Scottish ISAV isolate. Comparison of the amino acid sequences obtained by N-terminal analyses and cDNA nucleotide translation revealed that the 42 and 47 kDa proteins were the HA and P3 proteins encoded by segments 6 ...
HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL - Council for Bile Acid Deficiency
... hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-7 (3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid). These bile acids are extensively conjugated to the amino acids glycine and taurine (Heubi et al., 2007). Bile acid biosynthesis is complex with synthesis of the full complement of bile acids requiring at least 17 enzymes. The pathwa ...
... hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-7 (3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid). These bile acids are extensively conjugated to the amino acids glycine and taurine (Heubi et al., 2007). Bile acid biosynthesis is complex with synthesis of the full complement of bile acids requiring at least 17 enzymes. The pathwa ...
Transcriptome analysis reveals unique C4
... the form of neutral lipids [10]. In addition, carotenoids content increased as well under nitrogen starvation in Parietochloris incisa (synonym with M. incisa [11,12]) [13]. Thus, M. incisa may be a potential resource for both ArA and carotenoids exploitation. There are two pathways proposed in micr ...
... the form of neutral lipids [10]. In addition, carotenoids content increased as well under nitrogen starvation in Parietochloris incisa (synonym with M. incisa [11,12]) [13]. Thus, M. incisa may be a potential resource for both ArA and carotenoids exploitation. There are two pathways proposed in micr ...
MB206_fhs_lnt_001.1_AT_May09
... Suwanto, A., and S. Kaplan. 1989. Physical and genetic mapping of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 genome: presence of two unique circular chromosomes. J. Bacteriol. 171: 5850-5859. Suwanto, A and S. Kaplan. 1992. Chromosome transfer in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Hfr formation and genetic evidence fo ...
... Suwanto, A., and S. Kaplan. 1989. Physical and genetic mapping of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 genome: presence of two unique circular chromosomes. J. Bacteriol. 171: 5850-5859. Suwanto, A and S. Kaplan. 1992. Chromosome transfer in Rhodobacter sphaeroides: Hfr formation and genetic evidence fo ...
Untitled
... The shapes of lipids and the way they pack with each other have a large effect on the structures that they form in water, or water-based solutions (referred to as aqueous, or water-containing). As we discussed on the previous slide, lipids will arrange themselves in water in the way that minimizes ...
... The shapes of lipids and the way they pack with each other have a large effect on the structures that they form in water, or water-based solutions (referred to as aqueous, or water-containing). As we discussed on the previous slide, lipids will arrange themselves in water in the way that minimizes ...
Carbohydrate and sugar structure
... •Isozymes: enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes and have different kinetic of regulatory properties. •Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): type M [skeletal muscle and liver] participates in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate (using NADH) while type H [heart muscle] ca ...
... •Isozymes: enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but are encoded by different genes and have different kinetic of regulatory properties. •Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH): type M [skeletal muscle and liver] participates in the reduction of pyruvate to lactate (using NADH) while type H [heart muscle] ca ...
Membrane pore architecture of the CslF6
... is a major component of the (1-3,1-4)-b-glucan synthase of cereals because knockout mutants of this gene have essentially no (1-3,1-4)-bglucan (4–6). The (1-3,1-4)-b-glucan is a major cell wall component of grasses and is important for human nutrition because of the cholesterollowering properties of ...
... is a major component of the (1-3,1-4)-b-glucan synthase of cereals because knockout mutants of this gene have essentially no (1-3,1-4)-bglucan (4–6). The (1-3,1-4)-b-glucan is a major cell wall component of grasses and is important for human nutrition because of the cholesterollowering properties of ...
Lecture #10 – 9/26 – Dr. Hirsh
... Note outcomes of both above are the same! 2 negatives = 1 positive here. Examples: In Glycolysis, the enzyme that adds a second phosphate onto Fructose 6 Phosphate, Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by ADP and AMP, but repressed by ATP and Citrate. Regulation often occurs at the beginning of a pathw ...
... Note outcomes of both above are the same! 2 negatives = 1 positive here. Examples: In Glycolysis, the enzyme that adds a second phosphate onto Fructose 6 Phosphate, Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by ADP and AMP, but repressed by ATP and Citrate. Regulation often occurs at the beginning of a pathw ...
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.