biochemistry
... body by serving as a catalyst. In otherwords, an enzyme speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction. A chemical reaction is a process in which one set of chemicals, known as reactants are changed into another set of chemicals known as the product. An enzyme works by lowering the activ ...
... body by serving as a catalyst. In otherwords, an enzyme speeds up a reaction without being used up in the reaction. A chemical reaction is a process in which one set of chemicals, known as reactants are changed into another set of chemicals known as the product. An enzyme works by lowering the activ ...
Metabolism Summary
... • The conversion of NADH to NAD+ generates 2.5 ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. • The conversion of FADH2 to FAD generates 1.5 ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. • The energy yield for the entire catabolic pathway (citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative ...
... • The conversion of NADH to NAD+ generates 2.5 ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. • The conversion of FADH2 to FAD generates 1.5 ATP from ADP during oxidative phosphorylation. • The energy yield for the entire catabolic pathway (citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative ...
ORGANIC ACIDS – Citric Acid Cycle (urine)
... The citric acid cycle is a critical component for macronutrient metabolism and energy conversion for all nutrients. The complete metabolism for each nutrient must go through the citric acid cycle. This cycle is also an important source of biosynthetic building blocks used in gluconeogenesis, amino a ...
... The citric acid cycle is a critical component for macronutrient metabolism and energy conversion for all nutrients. The complete metabolism for each nutrient must go through the citric acid cycle. This cycle is also an important source of biosynthetic building blocks used in gluconeogenesis, amino a ...
Matabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics in
... nutrient is carried to biosynthetic reaction. The reducing power is used for the construction of cell components. ...
... nutrient is carried to biosynthetic reaction. The reducing power is used for the construction of cell components. ...
Chapter 3—The Cell I. Cell Theory. a. Organisms are made of 1 or
... i. When a molecule or substance gives up one or more electrons, it is said to be "oxidized." ii. When a molecule or substance accepts electrons, it is said to be "reduced." iii. LEO the lion goes GER. 1. Electrons don’t exist in isolation; protons (H+) follow… a. 1 electron + 1 proton = 1 hydrogen a ...
... i. When a molecule or substance gives up one or more electrons, it is said to be "oxidized." ii. When a molecule or substance accepts electrons, it is said to be "reduced." iii. LEO the lion goes GER. 1. Electrons don’t exist in isolation; protons (H+) follow… a. 1 electron + 1 proton = 1 hydrogen a ...
Energy Releasing Pathway
... Liberates H+ and NAD+ steals the electrons from H+ to form NADH + H +. The hole left by the leaving H+ is backfilled by Pi. This step balances the G3P with a P on either end. This happens twice or once for each G3P. How many NADH + H+ are formed per glucose? ...
... Liberates H+ and NAD+ steals the electrons from H+ to form NADH + H +. The hole left by the leaving H+ is backfilled by Pi. This step balances the G3P with a P on either end. This happens twice or once for each G3P. How many NADH + H+ are formed per glucose? ...
Alternative ways of monosaccharides metabolism
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
... blood and then into these permeable cells. • Once inside these well-oxygenated cells, lactate can be reverted back to pyruvate and metabolized through the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP. • The use of lactate in place of glucose by these cells makes more circulating g ...
Name
... 22) Which structure represents the electron carrying portion of a reduced nicotinamide (NADH)? A B C or D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23) Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by what enzyme? a) Hexokinase b) Aldolase c) Lactate ...
... 22) Which structure represents the electron carrying portion of a reduced nicotinamide (NADH)? A B C or D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23) Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate by what enzyme? a) Hexokinase b) Aldolase c) Lactate ...
Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) - LSU School of Medicine
... • Pyruvate (actually the acetyl group) from glycolysis is degraded to CO2 – The acetyl group is formed in stage II of metabolism from carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism ...
... • Pyruvate (actually the acetyl group) from glycolysis is degraded to CO2 – The acetyl group is formed in stage II of metabolism from carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism ...
Chapter 14 Review
... Five functions of proteins are to regulate the rate of reactions, control cell processes, help form bones and muscle, transport substances into and out of the cell, and help fight disease. ...
... Five functions of proteins are to regulate the rate of reactions, control cell processes, help form bones and muscle, transport substances into and out of the cell, and help fight disease. ...
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids
... ü They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them ü They make up antibodies in the immune system ü They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions ...
... ü They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them ü They make up antibodies in the immune system ü They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions ...
Biology 1 Essential Questions
... o Carbon rings and chains form the backbone of all biological molecules o Many biological molecules are polymers made from monomers that contain carbon chemically bound with other elements o Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the chemical foundations for life o Molecular structure ...
... o Carbon rings and chains form the backbone of all biological molecules o Many biological molecules are polymers made from monomers that contain carbon chemically bound with other elements o Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the chemical foundations for life o Molecular structure ...
Biology Passage 2 - HCC Learning Web
... a. Oxaloacetate and acetate combine, forming citrate; OAA reforms in cycle b. no oxygen necessary but must be present for cycle to proceed 4. Energy Harvesting (Mitochondrial inner membrane) a. Metabolic energy generated from reduced electron carriers b. Carriers must be recycled c. Oxyen necessary ...
... a. Oxaloacetate and acetate combine, forming citrate; OAA reforms in cycle b. no oxygen necessary but must be present for cycle to proceed 4. Energy Harvesting (Mitochondrial inner membrane) a. Metabolic energy generated from reduced electron carriers b. Carriers must be recycled c. Oxyen necessary ...
Essential Questions
... o Carbon rings and chains form the backbone of all biological molecules o Many biological molecules are polymers made from monomers that contain carbon chemically bound with other elements o Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the chemical foundations for life o Molecular structure ...
... o Carbon rings and chains form the backbone of all biological molecules o Many biological molecules are polymers made from monomers that contain carbon chemically bound with other elements o Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the chemical foundations for life o Molecular structure ...
Cell Physiology
... they get all the reactants together on the enzyme’s surface so they can react. ...
... they get all the reactants together on the enzyme’s surface so they can react. ...
ATP and Photosynthesis Notes
... Chemical reaction that occurs in cells with chloroplasts Uses suns energy to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar (glucose) and oxygen. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 2 stages 1. light dependent 2. Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) ...
... Chemical reaction that occurs in cells with chloroplasts Uses suns energy to convert CO2 and H2O into sugar (glucose) and oxygen. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 2 stages 1. light dependent 2. Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) ...
Lecture 7-enzymes 3
... Oxygenases Oxygenases catalyze substrate oxidation by molecular O2 The reduced product of the reaction in this case is water and not hydrogen peroxide There are two types of oxygenases: Monooxygenases; transfer one oxygen atom to the substrate, and reduce the other oxygen atom to water Di ...
... Oxygenases Oxygenases catalyze substrate oxidation by molecular O2 The reduced product of the reaction in this case is water and not hydrogen peroxide There are two types of oxygenases: Monooxygenases; transfer one oxygen atom to the substrate, and reduce the other oxygen atom to water Di ...
Chapter 3- DNA, Proteins and Proteomes
... 4. What is the name of the sugar in DNA? 5. What is the name of the sugar in RNA? 6. Name the bases in DNA 7. Name the bases in RNA 8. How many strands does DNA have? 9. How many strands does RNA have? 10. In DNA, state which bases pair up to form complementary base pairing. ...
... 4. What is the name of the sugar in DNA? 5. What is the name of the sugar in RNA? 6. Name the bases in DNA 7. Name the bases in RNA 8. How many strands does DNA have? 9. How many strands does RNA have? 10. In DNA, state which bases pair up to form complementary base pairing. ...
Cellular Respiration PPT 12-13-Cooke
... – Pyruvate is converted to Acetly-CoA, releasing CO2 as a waste – Acetyl-CoA is added to a 4-carbon molecule to make citric acid – Citric acid goes through a series of reactions producing ATP, and NADH & FADH2 that carry high energy electrons to the Electron Transport Chain ...
... – Pyruvate is converted to Acetly-CoA, releasing CO2 as a waste – Acetyl-CoA is added to a 4-carbon molecule to make citric acid – Citric acid goes through a series of reactions producing ATP, and NADH & FADH2 that carry high energy electrons to the Electron Transport Chain ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.