Organic Molecules
... • Inorganic – Chemistry of elements other than carbon • Organic – Carbon-based chemistry ...
... • Inorganic – Chemistry of elements other than carbon • Organic – Carbon-based chemistry ...
(Simple) Physical Models of Protein Folding
... •Proteins are important; e.g. for catalyzing and regulating biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, … •Linear polymer chain composed of tens (peptides) to thousands (proteins) of monome •Monomers are 20 naturally occurring amino acids •Different proteins have different amino acid sequences •S ...
... •Proteins are important; e.g. for catalyzing and regulating biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, … •Linear polymer chain composed of tens (peptides) to thousands (proteins) of monome •Monomers are 20 naturally occurring amino acids •Different proteins have different amino acid sequences •S ...
Photosynthesis
... energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the lightindependent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. – In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen. ...
... energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the lightindependent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. – In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen. ...
Photosynthesis
... energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the lightindependent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. – In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen. ...
... energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the lightindependent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. – In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen. ...
ECA Biochemistry Gizmos
... The 2 kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information (the “blueprint” to make you). ...
... The 2 kinds of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA which store and transmit genetic information (the “blueprint” to make you). ...
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best
... C. positive G, exergonic D. positive G, nonspontaneous E. negative G, endergonic 11. Ions diffuse across membranes down their A. electrochemical gradients. B. concentration gradients. C. electrical gradients. D. chemical gradients. E. Both A and B are correct. 12. The oxygen consumed during cellu ...
... C. positive G, exergonic D. positive G, nonspontaneous E. negative G, endergonic 11. Ions diffuse across membranes down their A. electrochemical gradients. B. concentration gradients. C. electrical gradients. D. chemical gradients. E. Both A and B are correct. 12. The oxygen consumed during cellu ...
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level Of Organization
... Concentrations are often expressed in M (moles per liter), mM, or µM. 2.3: Chemical reactions and enzymes Chemical reactions in the body are organized into catabolic pathways (which break down complex molecules into simpler ones) and anabolic pathways (which make simple molecules into more compl ...
... Concentrations are often expressed in M (moles per liter), mM, or µM. 2.3: Chemical reactions and enzymes Chemical reactions in the body are organized into catabolic pathways (which break down complex molecules into simpler ones) and anabolic pathways (which make simple molecules into more compl ...
Cellular respiration - how cells make energy Oxygen is needed for
... (most of it is washed out of the muscles shortly after extreme exercise). Muscle soreness is most likely caused by minor muscle damage. Note that in both cases the energy in NADH isn't captured (since oxygen isn't being used). Using other molecules [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.15 p. 102]: Molecules other than ...
... (most of it is washed out of the muscles shortly after extreme exercise). Muscle soreness is most likely caused by minor muscle damage. Note that in both cases the energy in NADH isn't captured (since oxygen isn't being used). Using other molecules [OVERHEAD, fig. 6.15 p. 102]: Molecules other than ...
C. Protein
... certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes pr ...
... certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post-translational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity, and ultimately, the function of the proteins. Sometimes pr ...
Biomolecules
... Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, Mitochondrial Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism mechanisms of action of insulin, regulation of metabolism in liver. Lipid metabolism Absorption of fats and activation of fatty acids, Beta-oxidati ...
... Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, Mitochondrial Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism mechanisms of action of insulin, regulation of metabolism in liver. Lipid metabolism Absorption of fats and activation of fatty acids, Beta-oxidati ...
1 The diagram below represents a biological process 5
... be broken down. 2) Its activity would slow down. 3) Its shape would change. 4) It would no longer act as an enzyme. 24. The graph below illustrates the relative amounts of product formed by the action of an enzyme in a solution with a pH of 6 at seven different temperatures. In this reaction, catala ...
... be broken down. 2) Its activity would slow down. 3) Its shape would change. 4) It would no longer act as an enzyme. 24. The graph below illustrates the relative amounts of product formed by the action of an enzyme in a solution with a pH of 6 at seven different temperatures. In this reaction, catala ...
Chemical Reaction
... Molecules are two or more atoms. Compounds are two or more DIFFERENT atoms. ...
... Molecules are two or more atoms. Compounds are two or more DIFFERENT atoms. ...
Cell Respiration Test
... 19. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs: a. In glycolysis b. In the citric acid cycle c. In both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 20. The molecule that functions as a reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction reaction: a. Gains electron and gains potential energy b. Los ...
... 19. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs: a. In glycolysis b. In the citric acid cycle c. In both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle 20. The molecule that functions as a reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidationreduction reaction: a. Gains electron and gains potential energy b. Los ...
9.2 The Process of Respiration
... Fermentation/Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Occurs in the absence of Oxygen If no O2 is present, No way to clear Electrons from ETC ...
... Fermentation/Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Occurs in the absence of Oxygen If no O2 is present, No way to clear Electrons from ETC ...
Intermediate 2 Biology Revision
... 3. The term given to a cell sat in a solution of the same water and solute concentration (when there is no net movement) 4. Term given to plant cells when they swell due to water gain 5. Term given to plants when plant cells loose too much water. 6. Describe the appearance of a plant cell that has l ...
... 3. The term given to a cell sat in a solution of the same water and solute concentration (when there is no net movement) 4. Term given to plant cells when they swell due to water gain 5. Term given to plants when plant cells loose too much water. 6. Describe the appearance of a plant cell that has l ...
Lipids and Carbohydrates
... saccharides) • Covalent bond forms called a glycosidic bond • One water molecule is released • Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polysaccharides made this way • Disaccharides are still called sugars ...
... saccharides) • Covalent bond forms called a glycosidic bond • One water molecule is released • Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polysaccharides made this way • Disaccharides are still called sugars ...
Worksheet 1 - Ch. 2, 3 - Iowa State University
... b. Peptide bonds form between __________ and ___________ functional groups. 3. This is an image of an aquaporin protein; it lets water into the cell through a tunnel. a. What structure does it have? b. Determine whether polar and nonpolar amino acids would be located on the inside or outer layer of ...
... b. Peptide bonds form between __________ and ___________ functional groups. 3. This is an image of an aquaporin protein; it lets water into the cell through a tunnel. a. What structure does it have? b. Determine whether polar and nonpolar amino acids would be located on the inside or outer layer of ...
Molecules of Life
... • Plants and animals store energy in polysaccharide chains formed from glucose – plants form starch – animals form glycogen ...
... • Plants and animals store energy in polysaccharide chains formed from glucose – plants form starch – animals form glycogen ...
Introduction - Northern Illinois University
... • There is no scientific consensus about how life began—not even a solid theory, just a number of hypotheses without compelling evidence. • Primordial soup. Organic compounds, including many found in living organisms, can be formed from gases that existed on the primitive Earth by lightning, radiati ...
... • There is no scientific consensus about how life began—not even a solid theory, just a number of hypotheses without compelling evidence. • Primordial soup. Organic compounds, including many found in living organisms, can be formed from gases that existed on the primitive Earth by lightning, radiati ...
Lipids and proteins Lipids:
... Like dissolves like: Organic compounds dissolve other organic compounds, while inorganic compounds dissolve inorganic compounds. - Lipid solubility: To 1ml oil on a test tube, add 2ml of ether, acetone, CCl4, alcohol & water separately, and then watch the result. ...
... Like dissolves like: Organic compounds dissolve other organic compounds, while inorganic compounds dissolve inorganic compounds. - Lipid solubility: To 1ml oil on a test tube, add 2ml of ether, acetone, CCl4, alcohol & water separately, and then watch the result. ...
Cellular respiration
... Gases (CO2 or H2) may be produced Final electron acceptor is the organic derivative of pyruvic acid ...
... Gases (CO2 or H2) may be produced Final electron acceptor is the organic derivative of pyruvic acid ...
Bacteria - Eubacteria
... How do Archaea tolerate the heat? • Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids • Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour! • DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3diphosphoglycerate. • ...
... How do Archaea tolerate the heat? • Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids • Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour! • DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3diphosphoglycerate. • ...
Organization of Living Things and Cellular Respiration
... Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a ...
... Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a ...
1 glucose 2 molecules acetyl CoA
... energy sources for the anabolism of ATP. – Involves many oxidation-reduction reactions. – Complete catabolism of glucose requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. – This is therefore an aerobic reaction. – Called cellular respiration. – Breaking down glucose requires many steps, and the first ...
... energy sources for the anabolism of ATP. – Involves many oxidation-reduction reactions. – Complete catabolism of glucose requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor. – This is therefore an aerobic reaction. – Called cellular respiration. – Breaking down glucose requires many steps, and the first ...
Metabolism
Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.