A Model-Based Approach for Automated In Vitro Cell - LISA
... (labeled Si in Fig. 2C). The heights of these Aext and Aint triangles are determined by radii rext and rint, respectively, where rint ⬍ rext (e.g., our experiments were performed with rint ⫽ 0.5rext, with rext ⫽ 30 pixels as initial value, i.e., a value a little higher than the average size of the c ...
... (labeled Si in Fig. 2C). The heights of these Aext and Aint triangles are determined by radii rext and rint, respectively, where rint ⬍ rext (e.g., our experiments were performed with rint ⫽ 0.5rext, with rext ⫽ 30 pixels as initial value, i.e., a value a little higher than the average size of the c ...
The Sec34/35 Golgi Transport Complex Is Related to the Exocyst
... McNew et al., 2000; Pelham, 2001). Although there are specific sets of SNARE proteins associated with each transport step, it is now clear that while they may contribute to the fidelity of fusion between membranes, other factors must also play a role. For several transport steps it has been possible ...
... McNew et al., 2000; Pelham, 2001). Although there are specific sets of SNARE proteins associated with each transport step, it is now clear that while they may contribute to the fidelity of fusion between membranes, other factors must also play a role. For several transport steps it has been possible ...
Epithelia and integration in sponges
... implies being constructed of fewer parts with less hierarchical organization. In fact, sponges are usually described as lacking organs, tissues, nerves, muscle, and even epithelia. However, not only is this view not very useful for understanding what characteristics the animals have, there is also m ...
... implies being constructed of fewer parts with less hierarchical organization. In fact, sponges are usually described as lacking organs, tissues, nerves, muscle, and even epithelia. However, not only is this view not very useful for understanding what characteristics the animals have, there is also m ...
Atg18 function in autophagy is regulated by specific sites within its b
... autophagy. The proteasome is exclusively involved in protein degradation while autophagy permits the elimination of large protein complexes and entire organelles or microorganisms, allowing the turnover of all cellular components (Nakatogawa et al., 2009; Ravid and Hochstrasser, 2008). Autophagy is ...
... autophagy. The proteasome is exclusively involved in protein degradation while autophagy permits the elimination of large protein complexes and entire organelles or microorganisms, allowing the turnover of all cellular components (Nakatogawa et al., 2009; Ravid and Hochstrasser, 2008). Autophagy is ...
Inactivation of Photosystems I and II in Response
... The effects of osmotic stress due to sorbitol on the photosynthetic machinery were investigated in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2. Incubation of cells in 1.0 M sorbitol inactivated photosystems I and II and decreased the intracellular solute space by 50%. These effects of sorbitol were reversi ...
... The effects of osmotic stress due to sorbitol on the photosynthetic machinery were investigated in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2. Incubation of cells in 1.0 M sorbitol inactivated photosystems I and II and decreased the intracellular solute space by 50%. These effects of sorbitol were reversi ...
In Search of Mitochondrial Mechanisms: Interfield
... hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups could link to a carbon backbone,5 and had succeeded in localizing respiration as an intracellular process.6 However, there was disagreement about the extent to which such processes could be understood in terms of ordinary chemical reactions stimulated by catalyst ...
... hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups could link to a carbon backbone,5 and had succeeded in localizing respiration as an intracellular process.6 However, there was disagreement about the extent to which such processes could be understood in terms of ordinary chemical reactions stimulated by catalyst ...
The syndapin protein family: linking membrane trafficking with the
... (SH3)-domain-containing proteins that exhibit several isoforms and splice variants. SH3 domains recognize prolinerich motifs of the PXXP type and their specificity relies mainly on the residues flanking such motifs. Syndapins belong to a growing class of accessory proteins functioning in membrane tr ...
... (SH3)-domain-containing proteins that exhibit several isoforms and splice variants. SH3 domains recognize prolinerich motifs of the PXXP type and their specificity relies mainly on the residues flanking such motifs. Syndapins belong to a growing class of accessory proteins functioning in membrane tr ...
Origin of diderm (Gram-negative) bacteria
... Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. ...
... Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10482-011-9616-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. ...
Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles
... cellular protonation and, if left unchecked, will rapidly dissipate the DpH. The functions of proteins and nucleic acids are impaired by protonation, and interference caused by free intracellular protons can impair processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis and enzyme activities [10]. pH ...
... cellular protonation and, if left unchecked, will rapidly dissipate the DpH. The functions of proteins and nucleic acids are impaired by protonation, and interference caused by free intracellular protons can impair processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis and enzyme activities [10]. pH ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called? ...
... • What are bigger molecules called? What are the smaller molecules that join together to make big molecules called? • What atoms must be removed from monomers to make polymers? What is this process called? ...
Endocytosis of Viruses and Bacteria
... and can thus presumably delay detection by immune surveillance. Some enveloped viruses belonging to the retro-, paramyxo-, pox-, and herpesviruses can, however, release their capsids into the cytosol by fusing their envelope membrane with the plasma membrane. In most cases, it is not clear whether s ...
... and can thus presumably delay detection by immune surveillance. Some enveloped viruses belonging to the retro-, paramyxo-, pox-, and herpesviruses can, however, release their capsids into the cytosol by fusing their envelope membrane with the plasma membrane. In most cases, it is not clear whether s ...
Changes in Cell Morphology and the Cellular Localization of Protein
... could suppress the dis1 phenotype. They named this novel protein dis1-suppressing protein kinase, or dsk1. Upon further characterization, it has been found that Dsk1 phosphorylates serine/arginine residues, and can autophosphorylate both tyrosine and serine-arginine residues. Phosphorylation states ...
... could suppress the dis1 phenotype. They named this novel protein dis1-suppressing protein kinase, or dsk1. Upon further characterization, it has been found that Dsk1 phosphorylates serine/arginine residues, and can autophosphorylate both tyrosine and serine-arginine residues. Phosphorylation states ...
Connecting signaling and cell cycle progression in growth
... functional consequence of these changes is the same as when Grb2/Sos associates with a tyrosine phosphorylated growth factor receptor: Sos gains access to Ras and activates it. Phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) is one of the SH2 domain-containing signaling enzymes that are activated in growth factor- ...
... functional consequence of these changes is the same as when Grb2/Sos associates with a tyrosine phosphorylated growth factor receptor: Sos gains access to Ras and activates it. Phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) is one of the SH2 domain-containing signaling enzymes that are activated in growth factor- ...
MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1 Regulates
... forming the continuous ring-like structures typical of wild type (Fig. 4A). Some spindles were severely disorganized, with misaligned short microtubules, resulting in some instances in complete disorganization of chromosomal arrangement (Fig. 4D). Other spindles had short microtubules but normally a ...
... forming the continuous ring-like structures typical of wild type (Fig. 4A). Some spindles were severely disorganized, with misaligned short microtubules, resulting in some instances in complete disorganization of chromosomal arrangement (Fig. 4D). Other spindles had short microtubules but normally a ...
Phloem Tubes
... for a replenishing supply of sugars and amino acids. However, if we were to put the insect on anaesthetics and remove it but leaving its mouth part immersed in the phloem tissue it would show that fluid oozes out due to the pressure in the sieve tubes. ...
... for a replenishing supply of sugars and amino acids. However, if we were to put the insect on anaesthetics and remove it but leaving its mouth part immersed in the phloem tissue it would show that fluid oozes out due to the pressure in the sieve tubes. ...
Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4 Outline Cell Theory Cell Size
... Cell Theory Cell Size Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells ...
... Cell Theory Cell Size Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells ...
Negative control of cell size in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus
... harvested by centrifugation and the pellet resuspended in 100 lL of lysis buffer: 25 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, Protease inhibitor cocktail (23 mM AEBSF, 2 mM Aprotinin, 130 lM Bestatin, 100 mM EDTA, 0.3 mM E-64, 0.3 mM Pepstatin A) and PhosSTOP (Roche). Glass beads were added and the mixture hom ...
... harvested by centrifugation and the pellet resuspended in 100 lL of lysis buffer: 25 mM Tris–HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, Protease inhibitor cocktail (23 mM AEBSF, 2 mM Aprotinin, 130 lM Bestatin, 100 mM EDTA, 0.3 mM E-64, 0.3 mM Pepstatin A) and PhosSTOP (Roche). Glass beads were added and the mixture hom ...
Cyclin Dependent Kinases and Cell Cycle Control
... cell division and subsequent screens carried out together with Kim Nasmyth identified more mutants defective in S-phase (Nurse et al., 1976). These cdc mutants identified genes required for the events of S-phase, mitosis and cell division, but it was not possible to determine which, if any, of these ...
... cell division and subsequent screens carried out together with Kim Nasmyth identified more mutants defective in S-phase (Nurse et al., 1976). These cdc mutants identified genes required for the events of S-phase, mitosis and cell division, but it was not possible to determine which, if any, of these ...
Cells as Tensegrity Structures: Architectural Basis of the Cytoskeleton
... cells that show that microtubules buckle as they oppose contraction of the actin network [56, 58]. It is not known, however, whether the compression that causes this buckling could balance a substantial fraction of the contractile prestress. To investigate this possibility, we carried out an energet ...
... cells that show that microtubules buckle as they oppose contraction of the actin network [56, 58]. It is not known, however, whether the compression that causes this buckling could balance a substantial fraction of the contractile prestress. To investigate this possibility, we carried out an energet ...
Chapter 3 Cells- Structure & Function Part II
... membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure Ex: Blood pressure forces small molecules & water out through capillary walls creating tissue fluid while larger protein molecules remain inside capillary. ...
... membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure Ex: Blood pressure forces small molecules & water out through capillary walls creating tissue fluid while larger protein molecules remain inside capillary. ...
Nuclear envelope dynamics during plant cell division suggest
... The favoured ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-retention model stems from more recent research using living intact cells, and proposes that during NEBD the NE membranes and protein components become part of the mitotic ER network and re-emerge from this network at late anaphase to reform the NE around deco ...
... The favoured ER (endoplasmic reticulum)-retention model stems from more recent research using living intact cells, and proposes that during NEBD the NE membranes and protein components become part of the mitotic ER network and re-emerge from this network at late anaphase to reform the NE around deco ...
The trans-Golgi network GRIP-domain proteins form α
... A large number of long coiled-coil proteins have been identified on intracellular organelles, in particular the Golgi and endosomes [1]. On the basis of their high content of coiled coils, these molecules are predicted to adopt a rod-like or extended fibrous structure. Members of the family of coile ...
... A large number of long coiled-coil proteins have been identified on intracellular organelles, in particular the Golgi and endosomes [1]. On the basis of their high content of coiled coils, these molecules are predicted to adopt a rod-like or extended fibrous structure. Members of the family of coile ...
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... (BSA)];33 % was considered surface bound (accessible to BSA). The cellular distribution of aminopeptidase activity is consistent with the model that cell surface aminopeptidase generate oligomers which diffuse into the periplasm where they are monomerized by the high aminopeptidase activity in an en ...
... (BSA)];33 % was considered surface bound (accessible to BSA). The cellular distribution of aminopeptidase activity is consistent with the model that cell surface aminopeptidase generate oligomers which diffuse into the periplasm where they are monomerized by the high aminopeptidase activity in an en ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.