JEOPARDY
... Unicellular & Multicellular $500 Identify if the following organisms are unicellular or multicellular: ...
... Unicellular & Multicellular $500 Identify if the following organisms are unicellular or multicellular: ...
Microtubules and the Evolution of Mitosis
... It began with the striking news that FtsZ, a protein essential for the fission of bacterial cells, is the prokaryotic ancestor of tubulin (Löwe and Amos 1998). It was later shown that MreB, a bacterial protein with homology to actin, is required for the maintenance of cell polarity during asymmetric ...
... It began with the striking news that FtsZ, a protein essential for the fission of bacterial cells, is the prokaryotic ancestor of tubulin (Löwe and Amos 1998). It was later shown that MreB, a bacterial protein with homology to actin, is required for the maintenance of cell polarity during asymmetric ...
Recent advances in plant cell wall proteomics
... Indeed, proteomic studies made on cell walls revealed leaderless proteins mixed with secreted proteins, many of which have well-known functions inside the cell. There have been many discussions about the possibility of finding non-canonical proteins in plant cell walls [7, 36]. Are they bona fide s ...
... Indeed, proteomic studies made on cell walls revealed leaderless proteins mixed with secreted proteins, many of which have well-known functions inside the cell. There have been many discussions about the possibility of finding non-canonical proteins in plant cell walls [7, 36]. Are they bona fide s ...
Proteomics methods for subcellular proteome analysis
... that compartment, or is merely an experimental contaminant (Fig. 2). Intuitively, the identification of an abundant protein in a subcellular compartment suggests that the protein is mainly localized within that compartment, which would be reflected by its predominant localization within that compart ...
... that compartment, or is merely an experimental contaminant (Fig. 2). Intuitively, the identification of an abundant protein in a subcellular compartment suggests that the protein is mainly localized within that compartment, which would be reflected by its predominant localization within that compart ...
Lecture 9 MEMBRANES
... the electron microscopic level, membranes share a common structure following routine preparative steps. The figure above shows a typical "Unit" membrane which resembles a railroad track with two dense lines separated by a clear space. This figure was obtained by cell fixation/sectioning and stainin ...
... the electron microscopic level, membranes share a common structure following routine preparative steps. The figure above shows a typical "Unit" membrane which resembles a railroad track with two dense lines separated by a clear space. This figure was obtained by cell fixation/sectioning and stainin ...
Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane A biochemical
... themselves the fundamental units of both structure and function (4, 5) (Fig. 2). This approach has the appeal of shifting the emphasis from the lipids to the proteins, which are the usual, but not exclusive, biological mechanism for specificity and versatility. It has the additional attraction of re ...
... themselves the fundamental units of both structure and function (4, 5) (Fig. 2). This approach has the appeal of shifting the emphasis from the lipids to the proteins, which are the usual, but not exclusive, biological mechanism for specificity and versatility. It has the additional attraction of re ...
The Rice TAL Effector–Dependent Resistance
... We identified only one Xa10 candidate open reading frame within the 3834-bp region of PX3834. A 563-bp cDNA of Xa10 was isolated from inoculated tissues of IRBB10A by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The Xa10 genomic region contains a 249-bp intron in the 39 untranslated region in c ...
... We identified only one Xa10 candidate open reading frame within the 3834-bp region of PX3834. A 563-bp cDNA of Xa10 was isolated from inoculated tissues of IRBB10A by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The Xa10 genomic region contains a 249-bp intron in the 39 untranslated region in c ...
A Long Twentieth Century of Review the Cell
... and meiosis, and their significance for genetic transmission (Darlington, 1958). However, for new insights into the events and controls of the cell cycle, we have to move on three decades to work started in the 1950s. Events of the Cell Cycle The events concerned with the replication and partition o ...
... and meiosis, and their significance for genetic transmission (Darlington, 1958). However, for new insights into the events and controls of the cell cycle, we have to move on three decades to work started in the 1950s. Events of the Cell Cycle The events concerned with the replication and partition o ...
... shown in spinach that, even when the external nitrate concentration is stepped up from 15 to 300 mM, the internal concentration in chloroplasts isolated from this material appears homeostatically held at ~ 5 mM. This would render unlikely the possibility that plastids are responsible for the well-do ...
Cell growth and differentiation in Arabidopsis
... this process, cell wall components are transported to and integrated in the tip area via the cytoskeleton, where high rates of both exocytosis and endocytosis are reported (Ueda et al., 2004; Ovecka et al., 2005; Smith and Oppenheimer, 2005). Actin has been shown to be an integral component of the m ...
... this process, cell wall components are transported to and integrated in the tip area via the cytoskeleton, where high rates of both exocytosis and endocytosis are reported (Ueda et al., 2004; Ovecka et al., 2005; Smith and Oppenheimer, 2005). Actin has been shown to be an integral component of the m ...
Chapter 5, Membranes
... Cellular Membranes • In addition to the plasma membrane, which separates the cell’s interior from the external environment, the ER, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and transport vesicles are all surrounded by membrane • The membrane isolates various “compartments” withi ...
... Cellular Membranes • In addition to the plasma membrane, which separates the cell’s interior from the external environment, the ER, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and transport vesicles are all surrounded by membrane • The membrane isolates various “compartments” withi ...
The Wall Becomes Surmountable
... Ken Keegstra’s (Michigan State University) laboratories’ collaborative efforts to identify enzymes involved in the synthesis of xyloglucan, the most common hemicellulose in plants. Xyloglucan is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and is composed of a linear -1,4-glucan backbone with side chains of ...
... Ken Keegstra’s (Michigan State University) laboratories’ collaborative efforts to identify enzymes involved in the synthesis of xyloglucan, the most common hemicellulose in plants. Xyloglucan is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus and is composed of a linear -1,4-glucan backbone with side chains of ...
Direct Visualization by Cryo-EM of the Mycobacterial Capsular
... close to native-state by the plunge freezing method [18] for direct visualization by EM (Figure 1). This method does not rely on the use of cryoprotectants and allows intact cells to be frozen in their medium of culture. The Gram-negative bacterium S. flexneri was used as a control (Figure 1A). When ...
... close to native-state by the plunge freezing method [18] for direct visualization by EM (Figure 1). This method does not rely on the use of cryoprotectants and allows intact cells to be frozen in their medium of culture. The Gram-negative bacterium S. flexneri was used as a control (Figure 1A). When ...
Androgen receptor complexes probe DNA for recognition
... Kubitscheck, 2010) was determined, showing that these proteins appear to be immobilized transiently inside the nucleoplasm for ,10–20 ms. The first SMM study on a transcription factor in a living cell was performed on the lac repressor in Escherichia coli cells, in which brief immobilizations (,5 ms ...
... Kubitscheck, 2010) was determined, showing that these proteins appear to be immobilized transiently inside the nucleoplasm for ,10–20 ms. The first SMM study on a transcription factor in a living cell was performed on the lac repressor in Escherichia coli cells, in which brief immobilizations (,5 ms ...
Bio 226: Cell and Molecular Biology
... 1.Effects of environment on lipid production • pCO2 • Temperature • Light quantity • Light quality = color(s) • Nutrition 2. Effects of environment on cell walls 3. Effects of inhibitors on cell walls ...
... 1.Effects of environment on lipid production • pCO2 • Temperature • Light quantity • Light quality = color(s) • Nutrition 2. Effects of environment on cell walls 3. Effects of inhibitors on cell walls ...
The Sinorhizobium meliloti sensor histidine kinase
... cycle (Hallez et al., 2004). As observed in C. crescentus, S. meliloti DivK is localized in a phosphorylation-dependent manner to the old cell pole in the large daughter cell, while in the small daughter cell DivK is distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm (Lam et al., 2003). The factors that re ...
... cycle (Hallez et al., 2004). As observed in C. crescentus, S. meliloti DivK is localized in a phosphorylation-dependent manner to the old cell pole in the large daughter cell, while in the small daughter cell DivK is distributed evenly throughout the cytoplasm (Lam et al., 2003). The factors that re ...
The Neuromuscular Junction
... Page 14. Neuromuscular Animation • The sequence of events in the neuromuscular animation are given. Page 15. Summary • Each skeletal muscle cell is individually stimulated by a motor neuron. • The neuromuscular junction is the place where the terminal portion of a motor neuron axon meets a muscle c ...
... Page 14. Neuromuscular Animation • The sequence of events in the neuromuscular animation are given. Page 15. Summary • Each skeletal muscle cell is individually stimulated by a motor neuron. • The neuromuscular junction is the place where the terminal portion of a motor neuron axon meets a muscle c ...
6.cellandnucleardivision
... outside the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis. Microtubules separate the chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope then ...
... outside the nucleus, and the nuclear envelope breaks down during mitosis. Microtubules separate the chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope then ...
Physico-chemical characteristics of cell walls from Arabidopsis
... of total wall arabinose at the three growth phases, but bD-galactosidase released no galactose. In order to test whether these enzymes could act synergistically on the degradation of the arabinose- and galactose-containing polysaccharides, endo-(1,5)-a-L-arabinanase, a-L-arabinofuranosidase, and end ...
... of total wall arabinose at the three growth phases, but bD-galactosidase released no galactose. In order to test whether these enzymes could act synergistically on the degradation of the arabinose- and galactose-containing polysaccharides, endo-(1,5)-a-L-arabinanase, a-L-arabinofuranosidase, and end ...
Challenges to our current view on chloroplasts
... huge complexity of specialized tissues and organs, a structural and biochemical diversity of plastids coevolved. Especially angiosperms harbor a variety of specialized plastid forms: proplastids, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, gerontoplasts, and chloroplasts. Each form has its specific ultr ...
... huge complexity of specialized tissues and organs, a structural and biochemical diversity of plastids coevolved. Especially angiosperms harbor a variety of specialized plastid forms: proplastids, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, gerontoplasts, and chloroplasts. Each form has its specific ultr ...
Molecular identification of 26 syntaxin genes and
... locations and pathways. For example, PtSyx1–3 can be assigned to syntaxins associated with the plasma membrane (Figure 3). Other syntaxin paralogues were predicted to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PtSyx8) and the Golgi apparatus (PtSyx5). However, no homologues were found for en ...
... locations and pathways. For example, PtSyx1–3 can be assigned to syntaxins associated with the plasma membrane (Figure 3). Other syntaxin paralogues were predicted to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (PtSyx8) and the Golgi apparatus (PtSyx5). However, no homologues were found for en ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.