- Gastroenterology
... firmly established,6 – 8 little is known about a potential role of other lysosomal enzymes. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is another member of the papain family of cysteine proteinases with similar enzymatic properties. CTSL exhibits a much stronger endoproteolytic activity than CTSB9 and could therefore, if i ...
... firmly established,6 – 8 little is known about a potential role of other lysosomal enzymes. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is another member of the papain family of cysteine proteinases with similar enzymatic properties. CTSL exhibits a much stronger endoproteolytic activity than CTSB9 and could therefore, if i ...
Development 128, 4439-4447 (2001)
... 1997). We were unable to detect fragments of the Superchordin type in vivo (Fig. 2E), in animal caps injected with chd mRNA (Fig. 2F) or in biochemical assays (Fig. 2G). A third cleavage site within the inter-repeat region has been described in vitro for mouse Chordin in the presence of Tsg (Scott e ...
... 1997). We were unable to detect fragments of the Superchordin type in vivo (Fig. 2E), in animal caps injected with chd mRNA (Fig. 2F) or in biochemical assays (Fig. 2G). A third cleavage site within the inter-repeat region has been described in vitro for mouse Chordin in the presence of Tsg (Scott e ...
Cliff - USD Biology
... NAc function is neither Necessary nor Sufficient for instrumental reward learning ◦ For 1° rewards or conditioned reinforcement ...
... NAc function is neither Necessary nor Sufficient for instrumental reward learning ◦ For 1° rewards or conditioned reinforcement ...
Intracellular Localization of Interleukin-6 in
... OSINOPHILS, prominent cells in allergic inflammation and asthma, have been shown to synthesize, store, and release up to 18 inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and growth factors,1 including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).2-5 We have ...
... OSINOPHILS, prominent cells in allergic inflammation and asthma, have been shown to synthesize, store, and release up to 18 inflammatory and regulatory cytokines and growth factors,1 including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-5, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).2-5 We have ...
- Synthesis Bikaner
... Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are caused due to a problem in globin molecule synthesis. Select the correct statement : (1) Sickle cell anemia is due to a quantitative problem of globin molecules (2) Both are due to a qualitative defect in globin chain synthesis (3) Both are due to a quantitativ ...
... Thalassemia and sickle cell anemia are caused due to a problem in globin molecule synthesis. Select the correct statement : (1) Sickle cell anemia is due to a quantitative problem of globin molecules (2) Both are due to a qualitative defect in globin chain synthesis (3) Both are due to a quantitativ ...
Characterization of the Visceral Endoderm Components in Early
... period of embryonic development in which the cells undergo complex morphological movements to generate the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), from which the whole fetus develops later. (Snow and Bennett, 1978; Skreb et al., 1991; Tam et al., 2006; Tam and Loebel, 2007; Soln ...
... period of embryonic development in which the cells undergo complex morphological movements to generate the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), from which the whole fetus develops later. (Snow and Bennett, 1978; Skreb et al., 1991; Tam et al., 2006; Tam and Loebel, 2007; Soln ...
Full-Text PDF
... of DNA-bound ORCs [40]. At least 10-fold more origins can be licensed than are strictly required for complete replication under normal circumstances, though the degree of origin licensing likely varies among cells, tissues, and species [41–43]. In vitro, loaded MCM double hexamers can slide along DN ...
... of DNA-bound ORCs [40]. At least 10-fold more origins can be licensed than are strictly required for complete replication under normal circumstances, though the degree of origin licensing likely varies among cells, tissues, and species [41–43]. In vitro, loaded MCM double hexamers can slide along DN ...
SCL and associated proteins distinguish active from
... most transcriptional regulators, SCL can function as an activator or repressor. The latter function is controlled at least in part through interaction with the transcriptional corepressor ETO-2.31,32,43 Although a few GATA/E-box–containing erythroid genes have been identified that are regulated by S ...
... most transcriptional regulators, SCL can function as an activator or repressor. The latter function is controlled at least in part through interaction with the transcriptional corepressor ETO-2.31,32,43 Although a few GATA/E-box–containing erythroid genes have been identified that are regulated by S ...
Leukocyte lipid bodies — Biogenesis and functions in inflammation
... Attempts to characterize the signaling pathways committed to lipid body biogenesis in leukocytes revealed that different pathways in a stimulus-dependent fashion are activated to trigger leukocyte lipid body biogenesis. For instance, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAFlike molecules, but not ly ...
... Attempts to characterize the signaling pathways committed to lipid body biogenesis in leukocytes revealed that different pathways in a stimulus-dependent fashion are activated to trigger leukocyte lipid body biogenesis. For instance, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAFlike molecules, but not ly ...
... TNF, which in addition to being secreted by macrophages (see below) also bind to the receptors of the same cell in an autocrine fashion, resulting in activation. The most prominent macrophage-activating cytokine is interferonγ (IFN-γ), which also binds to macrophages via a receptor. Interleukin-2 (I ...
C. jejuni
... ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporter) are members of a protein superfamily that is one of the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ...
... ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporter) are members of a protein superfamily that is one of the largest and most ancient families with representatives in all extant phyla from prokaryotes to humans. ABC transporters are transmembrane proteins that utilize the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ...
Emerging role of Nrf2 - Discovery
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
... been disrupted (Nrf2-KO) [35]. This difference is particularly striking upon challenge with agents causing oxidative stress. Moreover, cells deficient in Nrf2 are much more sensitive to the toxicity of oxidants of various types and cannot be protected by Nrf2 inducers, which, under the same condition ...
Kir2 potassium channels in rat striatum are strategically
... The diversity of potassium-(K+-)specific channels far exceeds any other group of ion channels. The importance of this superfamily of eucaryotic channels is underlined by the responsibility for many regulatory processes1. Potassium channels contain alpha subunits and in some cases auxiliary beta subu ...
... The diversity of potassium-(K+-)specific channels far exceeds any other group of ion channels. The importance of this superfamily of eucaryotic channels is underlined by the responsibility for many regulatory processes1. Potassium channels contain alpha subunits and in some cases auxiliary beta subu ...
understanding the role of sumoylation in regulating lkb1 function
... Figure 6. Post-translational modifications of LKB1 .....................................................................12 Figure 7. SUMO conjugation pathway .........................................................................................15 Figure 8. The three general non-exclusive conseque ...
... Figure 6. Post-translational modifications of LKB1 .....................................................................12 Figure 7. SUMO conjugation pathway .........................................................................................15 Figure 8. The three general non-exclusive conseque ...
Document
... What is new in our technology? • Our technology combines two different platforms: • Monoclonal antibodies against cancer-specific antigens – Modification of antibody sequence to make these mAbs membrane permeable ...
... What is new in our technology? • Our technology combines two different platforms: • Monoclonal antibodies against cancer-specific antigens – Modification of antibody sequence to make these mAbs membrane permeable ...
Purification of Arrestin from Bovine Retinas
... species. Arrestin contains a relatively high proportion of nonpolar amino acids (55%) that are assembled in a /3-sheet conformation (7, 8). However, very little is known about the biochemical/biophysical and structural properties of the protein. Arrestin is also of interest because of its ability to ...
... species. Arrestin contains a relatively high proportion of nonpolar amino acids (55%) that are assembled in a /3-sheet conformation (7, 8). However, very little is known about the biochemical/biophysical and structural properties of the protein. Arrestin is also of interest because of its ability to ...
Downloaded - The Journal of Cell Biology
... adhered strongly to cadherin-coated substrates, and this promoted lateral clustering of cadherins, whereas a cadherin with the -cat–binding site but not the JM domain failed to promote either strong adhesion or lateral clustering. These data contrast with those of Ozawa and Kemler (1998), suggestin ...
... adhered strongly to cadherin-coated substrates, and this promoted lateral clustering of cadherins, whereas a cadherin with the -cat–binding site but not the JM domain failed to promote either strong adhesion or lateral clustering. These data contrast with those of Ozawa and Kemler (1998), suggestin ...
Evidence for an apical Na–Cl cotransporter involved in ion uptake in
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
... Cation–chloride cotransporters, such as the Na+/K+/2Cl– cotransporter (NKCC) and Na+/Cl– cotransporter (NCC), are localized to the apical or basolateral plasma membranes of epithelial cells and are involved in active ion absorption or secretion. The objectives of this study were to clone and identif ...
Cellular Physiology of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle
... many smooth muscle cells are capableof initiating spontaneouselectricalactivity. In some cells, this spontaneous activity results from pacemakercurrents. These currents result from time- and voltage-dependentpropertiesof ion currents that produce either a spontaneousincrease in inward, or depolarizi ...
... many smooth muscle cells are capableof initiating spontaneouselectricalactivity. In some cells, this spontaneous activity results from pacemakercurrents. These currents result from time- and voltage-dependentpropertiesof ion currents that produce either a spontaneousincrease in inward, or depolarizi ...
Correction: Mice humanised for the EGF receptor
... and curly whiskers are observed in mice deficient for the gene encoding TGFα and in mice homozygous for the hypomorphic Egfr allele waved 2 (wa2), which carry a point mutation in the kinase domain of the EGFR resulting in a drastically reduced kinase activity (Fowler et al., 1995; Luetteke et al., 1 ...
... and curly whiskers are observed in mice deficient for the gene encoding TGFα and in mice homozygous for the hypomorphic Egfr allele waved 2 (wa2), which carry a point mutation in the kinase domain of the EGFR resulting in a drastically reduced kinase activity (Fowler et al., 1995; Luetteke et al., 1 ...
Lessons from the Genome Sequence of Neurospora crassa: Tracing
... Glycolysis, Fermentation, and Gluconeogenesis...................................................................................................40 Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle......................................................................................................40 (i) He ...
... Glycolysis, Fermentation, and Gluconeogenesis...................................................................................................40 Glycolysis and the pentose phosphate cycle......................................................................................................40 (i) He ...
The Role Of The Planar Cell Polarity Pathway In The Second Heart
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
... Outflow Tract (OFT) malformations underlie a majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) in humans and are a leading cause of childhood mortality. The OFT, which gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary artery of the heart, relies on the contribution of the Second Heart Field (SHF) progenitors in the ph ...
Endogenous Drp1 Mediates Mitochondrial Autophagy and Protects
... Mitochondrial ATP production was significantly lower in CMs transduced with Ad-shDrp1 than in those with Ad-shScr (Figure 2E). The effect of Drp1 downregulation upon mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated with JC-1. Drp1 knockdown led to the appearance of green JC-1 staining, indicating depo ...
... Mitochondrial ATP production was significantly lower in CMs transduced with Ad-shDrp1 than in those with Ad-shScr (Figure 2E). The effect of Drp1 downregulation upon mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated with JC-1. Drp1 knockdown led to the appearance of green JC-1 staining, indicating depo ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.