Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... stimulation recording corresponded to a three-dimensional matrix with two spatial dimensions (x, y pixels of the area of interest) and a temporal dimension (100 frames). Three steps were carried out to calculate the signals. First, to reduce photon (shot) noise, the raw data were filtered in both the ...
... stimulation recording corresponded to a three-dimensional matrix with two spatial dimensions (x, y pixels of the area of interest) and a temporal dimension (100 frames). Three steps were carried out to calculate the signals. First, to reduce photon (shot) noise, the raw data were filtered in both the ...
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... 43. The bending movements of cilia and flagella a. are associated with microtubules and kinesin b. involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other d. involves dynein action on microfilaments e. in ...
... 43. The bending movements of cilia and flagella a. are associated with microtubules and kinesin b. involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other d. involves dynein action on microfilaments e. in ...
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... 60. Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? a. Most cells come from preexisting cells. b. Cells are the smallest things that can be alive. c. A cell’s structure determines the cell’s ability to function. d. All cells have certain fundamental structures and functions in common. ...
... 60. Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? a. Most cells come from preexisting cells. b. Cells are the smallest things that can be alive. c. A cell’s structure determines the cell’s ability to function. d. All cells have certain fundamental structures and functions in common. ...
human-physiology-8th-edition-lauralee-sherwood-test-bank
... 43. The bending movements of cilia and flagella a. are associated with microtubules and kinesin b. involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other d. involves dynein action on microfilaments e. in ...
... 43. The bending movements of cilia and flagella a. are associated with microtubules and kinesin b. involve the alternate assembly and disassembly of actin filaments c. are produced when dynein motors pull adjacent microtubule doublets past each other d. involves dynein action on microfilaments e. in ...
Conserved features of cohesin binding along
... fostered the idea that cohesin binds to and holds sister chromatids together by topological embrace [5]. Several studies have investigated cohesin's chromosomal binding sites in different model organisms. Despite its conserved function in DNA repair and mitosis, no common rule has emerged that defin ...
... fostered the idea that cohesin binds to and holds sister chromatids together by topological embrace [5]. Several studies have investigated cohesin's chromosomal binding sites in different model organisms. Despite its conserved function in DNA repair and mitosis, no common rule has emerged that defin ...
Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D
... dissociated hippocampal neurones with an IC50 of 1.04 mM at − 100 mV (Parsons et al., 1996). The antagonistic effects of memantine at −70 mV were not influenced by increasing concentrations of glycine (Parsons et al., 1993). Thus, antagonism via interactions at the glycineB site is unlikely. However ...
... dissociated hippocampal neurones with an IC50 of 1.04 mM at − 100 mV (Parsons et al., 1996). The antagonistic effects of memantine at −70 mV were not influenced by increasing concentrations of glycine (Parsons et al., 1993). Thus, antagonism via interactions at the glycineB site is unlikely. However ...
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... However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular, whether or not Slit is present prior to the onset of dendrogenesis has not been established. Also, analyses on slit/slit mutants have so far focused on early stages of embryogenesis and, theref ...
... However, the distribution of Slit protein within the developing CNS has not been described. In particular, whether or not Slit is present prior to the onset of dendrogenesis has not been established. Also, analyses on slit/slit mutants have so far focused on early stages of embryogenesis and, theref ...
The RING Domain of Mdm2 Can Inhibit Cell
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
... biquitin chains that are necessary for recognition by the proteasome (20). One possibility is that mono-ubiquitination of p53 is required to expose a nuclear export signal, and that p53 polyubiquitination and degradation then proceed in the cytoplasm (21–23). Because Mdm2 is a direct transcriptional ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... broad range of stimulus intensities and frequencies, including those likely to induce long-term potentiation. The amount of Zn2⫹ release was dependent on stimulation frequency (1–200 Hz) and intensity. Release of Zn2⫹ required sodium-dependent action potentials and was dependent on extracellular Ca2 ...
... broad range of stimulus intensities and frequencies, including those likely to induce long-term potentiation. The amount of Zn2⫹ release was dependent on stimulation frequency (1–200 Hz) and intensity. Release of Zn2⫹ required sodium-dependent action potentials and was dependent on extracellular Ca2 ...
Osmo- and thermo-adaptation in hyperthermophilic Archaea
... belong to genera that are placed near the root of the Tree of Life, in short phylogenetic branches within the domains Bacteria or Archaea. Although hyperthermophiles have been isolated from a variety of hot environments, most species originate from marine geothermal areas, hence they are slightly ha ...
... belong to genera that are placed near the root of the Tree of Life, in short phylogenetic branches within the domains Bacteria or Archaea. Although hyperthermophiles have been isolated from a variety of hot environments, most species originate from marine geothermal areas, hence they are slightly ha ...
Maternal mRNAs are regulated by diverse P body
... receptor GLP-1 is translated only in the distal gonad tip and anterior cells of the embryo, whereas mRNA for the lipoprotein receptor RME-2 is translated specifically in late-stage oocytes (Crittenden et al., 1994; Evans et al., 1994; Grant and Hirsh, 1999; Lee and Schedl, 2001). Precise control of ...
... receptor GLP-1 is translated only in the distal gonad tip and anterior cells of the embryo, whereas mRNA for the lipoprotein receptor RME-2 is translated specifically in late-stage oocytes (Crittenden et al., 1994; Evans et al., 1994; Grant and Hirsh, 1999; Lee and Schedl, 2001). Precise control of ...
... incidence of gastric cancer in those areas is much lower than in other regions. Such geographic differences in pathology can be explained in part by the presence of different types of H. pylori virulence factors[4,10-13]. Many studies have been performed to define what makes H. pylori a pathogen and ...
Animal Models in Eye Research
... from the new design. These include costs from underlying brain structures as much as from the eye itself; a sophisticated eye can only evolve in conjunction with sophisticated visual processing centers. There indeed is support for the fact that the presence of eyes is costly. For example, there is a ...
... from the new design. These include costs from underlying brain structures as much as from the eye itself; a sophisticated eye can only evolve in conjunction with sophisticated visual processing centers. There indeed is support for the fact that the presence of eyes is costly. For example, there is a ...
Genetic analysis of the Complexin trans-clamping model Please share
... results suggest additional mechanisms are likely to exist that regulate Cpx’s effects on SNARE-mediated fusion. Our findings also indicate that the inhibitory and activating functions of Cpx are genetically separable, and can be mapped to distinct molecular mechanisms that differentially regulate th ...
... results suggest additional mechanisms are likely to exist that regulate Cpx’s effects on SNARE-mediated fusion. Our findings also indicate that the inhibitory and activating functions of Cpx are genetically separable, and can be mapped to distinct molecular mechanisms that differentially regulate th ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... and nicotine can activate both the DA and GABA neurons of the VTA32,33. The nAChR receptor profiles that are associated with these DA and GABA neurons differ considerably, and these differences might have important functional consequences for nicotine signalling in the mesolimbic system. For example ...
... and nicotine can activate both the DA and GABA neurons of the VTA32,33. The nAChR receptor profiles that are associated with these DA and GABA neurons differ considerably, and these differences might have important functional consequences for nicotine signalling in the mesolimbic system. For example ...
Tissue interactions in the developing chick diencephalon
... explanted from the embryo and kept in a neutral environment, such as serum-free tissue culture. A tissue has become determined if it will differentiate according to its fate even after it has been grafted to an ectopic location in the embryo where other patterning influences may per- ...
... explanted from the embryo and kept in a neutral environment, such as serum-free tissue culture. A tissue has become determined if it will differentiate according to its fate even after it has been grafted to an ectopic location in the embryo where other patterning influences may per- ...
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... constant of the order of magnitude 107 mol–1 dm3.15 On the other hand, herbicides like atrazine or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid bind to HSA with their binding constants in the range from 103 to 104 mol–1 dm3.16 A decrease in the HSA fluorescence intensity upon caffeine addition has also been detec ...
... constant of the order of magnitude 107 mol–1 dm3.15 On the other hand, herbicides like atrazine or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid bind to HSA with their binding constants in the range from 103 to 104 mol–1 dm3.16 A decrease in the HSA fluorescence intensity upon caffeine addition has also been detec ...
Developement of strategies for the isotopic labeling of methyl
... enhances the intensity of detectable long-range nOes by a factor 4. The described protocol also permits the suppression of spurious correlations, especially harmful for structural studies based on detection/analysis of nOes. To make an efficient use of the obtained high quality NMR spectra using thi ...
... enhances the intensity of detectable long-range nOes by a factor 4. The described protocol also permits the suppression of spurious correlations, especially harmful for structural studies based on detection/analysis of nOes. To make an efficient use of the obtained high quality NMR spectra using thi ...
ABA overlysensitive5 (ABO5), encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat
... growth to ABA was measured, abo5 abi1-1 and abo5 abi2-1 were similar to abi1-1 and abi2-1 in that they were insensitive to ABA, but abo5 abi3-1, abo5 abi4-1 and abo5 abi5 differed from abi3-1, abi4-1 and abi5 in that they were as sensitive to ABA as abo5 (Figure 1h, left lane). Given that root growt ...
... growth to ABA was measured, abo5 abi1-1 and abo5 abi2-1 were similar to abi1-1 and abi2-1 in that they were insensitive to ABA, but abo5 abi3-1, abo5 abi4-1 and abo5 abi5 differed from abi3-1, abi4-1 and abi5 in that they were as sensitive to ABA as abo5 (Figure 1h, left lane). Given that root growt ...
Host cell interactions of outer membrane vesicle-associated
... endothelial cells (HBMEC), and renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGEC) in a timedependent manner (Fig 2A, 2D and 2G). There were no significant differences between OMVs from NSF (5791/99) and SF (493/89) EHEC O157 strains, and OMVs containing (5791/99, 493/89) and lacking (493/89Δstx2a) Stx2a (Fi ...
... endothelial cells (HBMEC), and renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGEC) in a timedependent manner (Fig 2A, 2D and 2G). There were no significant differences between OMVs from NSF (5791/99) and SF (493/89) EHEC O157 strains, and OMVs containing (5791/99, 493/89) and lacking (493/89Δstx2a) Stx2a (Fi ...
Interaction with Autologous Platelets Multiplies Interleukin
... demonstrate that thrombin-activated platelets, but not thrombin alone, augment the production of IL-la and TNF-a by PBMC stimulated by LPS at low concentrations. Platelets not treated with thrombin, activated 25%-30% for P-selectin expression, enhanced IL-la production 6- to 14-fold and TNF-a produc ...
... demonstrate that thrombin-activated platelets, but not thrombin alone, augment the production of IL-la and TNF-a by PBMC stimulated by LPS at low concentrations. Platelets not treated with thrombin, activated 25%-30% for P-selectin expression, enhanced IL-la production 6- to 14-fold and TNF-a produc ...
Leukotriene B4 Triggers the In Vitro and In Vivo
... they can attract human CD4⫹CD45RA⫹ or CD8⫹ T cells (13, 14), immature dendritic cells (14), and monocytes (15). ␣-Defensins induce the release of IFN-␥, IL-6, and IL-10 from T cells, TNF-␣, and IL-1 from monocytes, and IL-8 from alveolar macrophages and intestinal and lung epithelial cell-lines (16 ...
... they can attract human CD4⫹CD45RA⫹ or CD8⫹ T cells (13, 14), immature dendritic cells (14), and monocytes (15). ␣-Defensins induce the release of IFN-␥, IL-6, and IL-10 from T cells, TNF-␣, and IL-1 from monocytes, and IL-8 from alveolar macrophages and intestinal and lung epithelial cell-lines (16 ...
View - Max-Planck
... (Figure 1). While most structural studies have focused on terrestrial plants, aquatic organisms account for around 50% of global carbon fixation (Field et al., 1998; Behrenfeld et al., 2001), and it is estimated that nearly half of this aquatic production is performed by eukaryotic algae (Jardillier ...
... (Figure 1). While most structural studies have focused on terrestrial plants, aquatic organisms account for around 50% of global carbon fixation (Field et al., 1998; Behrenfeld et al., 2001), and it is estimated that nearly half of this aquatic production is performed by eukaryotic algae (Jardillier ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.