Muscle
... Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding hollow organs may propel the luminal contents through the organ, or it may regulate internal flow by changing the tube diameter. In addition, small bundles of smooth muscle cells are attached to the hairs of the skin and iris of the eye. The autonomic ner ...
... Contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding hollow organs may propel the luminal contents through the organ, or it may regulate internal flow by changing the tube diameter. In addition, small bundles of smooth muscle cells are attached to the hairs of the skin and iris of the eye. The autonomic ner ...
Caroline Jeya Sheeba Daniel Sunder Singh
... (PSM). In a decade, the existence of a limb molecular clock by unveiling cyclic hairy2 gene expression in limb chondrogenic precursor cells was demonstrated (Pascoal et al., 2007). The discovery of the limb clock raises the exciting possibility that parallelisms could be established between somitoge ...
... (PSM). In a decade, the existence of a limb molecular clock by unveiling cyclic hairy2 gene expression in limb chondrogenic precursor cells was demonstrated (Pascoal et al., 2007). The discovery of the limb clock raises the exciting possibility that parallelisms could be established between somitoge ...
Deficient FGF signaling causes optic nerve
... nerve. Genetic evidence further supports that the formation of an Frs2α-Shp2 complex and its recruitment to FGF receptors are crucial for downstream ERK signaling in this process, whereas constitutively active Ras signaling can rescue ocular coloboma in the FGF signaling mutants. Our results thus re ...
... nerve. Genetic evidence further supports that the formation of an Frs2α-Shp2 complex and its recruitment to FGF receptors are crucial for downstream ERK signaling in this process, whereas constitutively active Ras signaling can rescue ocular coloboma in the FGF signaling mutants. Our results thus re ...
DORNRÖSCHEN is a direct target of the auxin response factor
... probably relate to a secondary non-cell-autonomous signal downstream of DRN. The DRN::GFP transcriptional reporter and the DRN::DRN-GFP translational fusion were expressed throughout the 2-, 4-, 8- or 16cell embryo proper (Fig. 1B-G). From the 32-cell stage onwards, DRN::GFP expression was no longer ...
... probably relate to a secondary non-cell-autonomous signal downstream of DRN. The DRN::GFP transcriptional reporter and the DRN::DRN-GFP translational fusion were expressed throughout the 2-, 4-, 8- or 16cell embryo proper (Fig. 1B-G). From the 32-cell stage onwards, DRN::GFP expression was no longer ...
Auxin biology in roots
... TAAs have been considered as a part of two independent pathways, several studies have suggested that they participate in the same auxin biosynthesis pathway because these mutants show similar phenotypes (Cheng et al. 2007b, 2008, Strader and Bartel 2008, Zhao 2010). Recently, TAA was found to conver ...
... TAAs have been considered as a part of two independent pathways, several studies have suggested that they participate in the same auxin biosynthesis pathway because these mutants show similar phenotypes (Cheng et al. 2007b, 2008, Strader and Bartel 2008, Zhao 2010). Recently, TAA was found to conver ...
Serotonin - Meridian Kinesiology
... Tissues) are antagonized by Antigens that are responsible for Allergies and Inflammation, they "burst" and release Serotonin (amongst other substances) as part of their defence response. Serotonin released in response to Inflammation is involved in the sensation Pain associated with Inflammation. Ne ...
... Tissues) are antagonized by Antigens that are responsible for Allergies and Inflammation, they "burst" and release Serotonin (amongst other substances) as part of their defence response. Serotonin released in response to Inflammation is involved in the sensation Pain associated with Inflammation. Ne ...
Understanding the Regulation of Metabolic Enzyme Acetylation in E
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
... Global protein acetylation is a newly discovered phenomenon in bacteria. Of the more than 250 acetylations reported in E. coli, many are of metabolic enzymes [1-3]. Thus, acetylation could represent a novel posttranslational mechanism of metabolic control. Yet, almost nothing is known about the regu ...
Influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 genotype on angiotensin II
... Background: We examined the influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) genotype on Angiotensin II (Ang II)induced PAI-1 expression by human endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of AT1-receptor blocker losartan, and screened for this polymorphism in relation to pl ...
... Background: We examined the influence of the 4G/5G PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor) genotype on Angiotensin II (Ang II)induced PAI-1 expression by human endothelial cells (HUVEC) in the presence and absence of AT1-receptor blocker losartan, and screened for this polymorphism in relation to pl ...
Myelin and White Matter
... With the exception of the outer and lateral loops of the flat cell processes, the cellular cytoplasm disappears from these processes and the remaining cell membranes condense into a compact structure in which each membrane is closely apposed to the adjacent one. If myelin were unrolled from the axon ...
... With the exception of the outer and lateral loops of the flat cell processes, the cellular cytoplasm disappears from these processes and the remaining cell membranes condense into a compact structure in which each membrane is closely apposed to the adjacent one. If myelin were unrolled from the axon ...
Spectral characterization of the binding and conformational changes
... with other types of preservatives. Parabens have multiple biological actions, but it is generally related that their inhibitory effects on membrane transport and mitochondrial function processes are keys for their actions [4]. Since the presence of parabens was detected in human breast tumors by Dar ...
... with other types of preservatives. Parabens have multiple biological actions, but it is generally related that their inhibitory effects on membrane transport and mitochondrial function processes are keys for their actions [4]. Since the presence of parabens was detected in human breast tumors by Dar ...
Physiological Strategies During Animal Diapause: Lessons from
... exemplar species for the study of dormancy and metabolic depression associated with embryonic diapause. They share strikingly similar life histories and physiological patterns associated with diapause as well as similar responses to environmental stress. These ‘hallmarks of dormancy’ include: (1) a ...
... exemplar species for the study of dormancy and metabolic depression associated with embryonic diapause. They share strikingly similar life histories and physiological patterns associated with diapause as well as similar responses to environmental stress. These ‘hallmarks of dormancy’ include: (1) a ...
Auxin transport routes in plant development
... The plant hormone auxin (the predominant form of which is indole3-acetic acid; IAA) is a major coordinating signal in the regulation of plant development. Many aspects of auxin action depend on its differential distribution within plant tissues, where it forms local maxima or gradients between cells ...
... The plant hormone auxin (the predominant form of which is indole3-acetic acid; IAA) is a major coordinating signal in the regulation of plant development. Many aspects of auxin action depend on its differential distribution within plant tissues, where it forms local maxima or gradients between cells ...
4-YEAR DEGREE PROGRAMME I BIOCHEMISTRY YEAR I A
... metabolism. Autotrophy (Photosynthesis) Selected Topics in lipid metabolism. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in plant. Mineral metabolism. Plant hormones. Text: Bonner, J. & Verner, J.E. (Ed). Plant Biochemistry. BCH 411: Introduction to Biotechnology 2 Units Prerequisite: BCH 309 Introduction: Bioch ...
... metabolism. Autotrophy (Photosynthesis) Selected Topics in lipid metabolism. Aspects of nitrogen metabolism in plant. Mineral metabolism. Plant hormones. Text: Bonner, J. & Verner, J.E. (Ed). Plant Biochemistry. BCH 411: Introduction to Biotechnology 2 Units Prerequisite: BCH 309 Introduction: Bioch ...
89 calcium handling by the mammalian kidney
... Presumably, calbindin-D 28K increases the diffusional flux of Ca2+ by increasing brushborder entry of Ca2+, through decreasing [Ca2+]i near the brush border, through increasing cytosolic flow by acting as a diffusional carrier and through increasing efflux by feeding Ca2+ to the basolateral extrusio ...
... Presumably, calbindin-D 28K increases the diffusional flux of Ca2+ by increasing brushborder entry of Ca2+, through decreasing [Ca2+]i near the brush border, through increasing cytosolic flow by acting as a diffusional carrier and through increasing efflux by feeding Ca2+ to the basolateral extrusio ...
Calcium Signals from the Vacuole
... mediated by ion channels, while Ca2+ uptake from the cytosol into the vacuole requires energy input and is performed by either ATPases or H+-antiporters (Figure 1). The latter use the existing pH gradient of about two pH units [2,11] across the vacuolar membrane for secondary active transport. The o ...
... mediated by ion channels, while Ca2+ uptake from the cytosol into the vacuole requires energy input and is performed by either ATPases or H+-antiporters (Figure 1). The latter use the existing pH gradient of about two pH units [2,11] across the vacuolar membrane for secondary active transport. The o ...
University of Groningen Polymerization of the bacterial cell division
... very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence were called fts genes, for filamentation tem ...
... very simple yet is poorly understood on a molecular biological level. For the Gramnegative model organism Escherichia coli, numerous cell division genes were identified in E. coli temperature sensitive mutants cells that did not divide properly, and hence were called fts genes, for filamentation tem ...
Presentation - European Bioinformatics Institute
... colocalizes_with (protein associates with complex but is not a bona fide member) contributes_to (describes action of a complex of proteins) ...
... colocalizes_with (protein associates with complex but is not a bona fide member) contributes_to (describes action of a complex of proteins) ...
PDF
... gained the ability to regulate their size, which required GLYT1 activity. Before ovulation, oocyte size was instead determined by a strong adhesion to the rigid extracellular matrix of the oocyte, the zona pellucida, which was released coincident with GLYT1 activation. The ability to acutely regulat ...
... gained the ability to regulate their size, which required GLYT1 activity. Before ovulation, oocyte size was instead determined by a strong adhesion to the rigid extracellular matrix of the oocyte, the zona pellucida, which was released coincident with GLYT1 activation. The ability to acutely regulat ...
Ectopic expression of beta-cytoplasmic actin
... background free of wild-type Act88F actin. In addition, IFMs display a high degree of structural order (Reedy and Beall, 1993), thereby providing a sensitive experimental system for examining even subtle structural as well as functional changes resulting from the substitution of one isoform for anot ...
... background free of wild-type Act88F actin. In addition, IFMs display a high degree of structural order (Reedy and Beall, 1993), thereby providing a sensitive experimental system for examining even subtle structural as well as functional changes resulting from the substitution of one isoform for anot ...
Dynamic Equilibrium of Neurotransmitter Transporters: Not Just for
... et al. 1993; Nusser and Mody 2002; Overstreet and Westbrook 2003; Overstreet et al. 1999; Rossi and Hamann 1998). Glutamate transporter blockade has relatively little effect on AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic EPSCs induced by a single stimulus unless cells are first treated with cyclothiazide t ...
... et al. 1993; Nusser and Mody 2002; Overstreet and Westbrook 2003; Overstreet et al. 1999; Rossi and Hamann 1998). Glutamate transporter blockade has relatively little effect on AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic EPSCs induced by a single stimulus unless cells are first treated with cyclothiazide t ...
Brock_Naimi_Madina_2014
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
... List of Figures Figure 1: Role of Insulin in Glucose Homeostasis ............................................................... 8 Figure 2: Insulin stimulates the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade in skeletal muscle leading to increased glucose uptake....................................................... ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... There have been a large number of new developments with respect to knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of circadian rhythm regulation since publication of our 1994 review, “The Circadian Visual System” (Morin, 1994). As is nearly always the case with such projects, many of the developments we ...
... There have been a large number of new developments with respect to knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of circadian rhythm regulation since publication of our 1994 review, “The Circadian Visual System” (Morin, 1994). As is nearly always the case with such projects, many of the developments we ...
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum for the -threonine
... In both E. coli and C. glutamicum, aspartyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the asd gene. It catalyses deoxidization of aspartyl-P to form aspartyl semialdhyde (Fig. 1). Expression of asd in E. coli is subjected to multivalent repression by L-lysine, L-threonine and L-methionine (Boy and Pa ...
... In both E. coli and C. glutamicum, aspartyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase is encoded by the asd gene. It catalyses deoxidization of aspartyl-P to form aspartyl semialdhyde (Fig. 1). Expression of asd in E. coli is subjected to multivalent repression by L-lysine, L-threonine and L-methionine (Boy and Pa ...
NUBBIN and JAGGED define stamen and carpel
... to promote the differentiation of adaxial cell types in the carpel walls, and in the establishment of the correct number of cell layers. The important role these two factors play in regulating organ growth is further demonstrated by gain-of-function experiments showing that ectopic NUB expression is ...
... to promote the differentiation of adaxial cell types in the carpel walls, and in the establishment of the correct number of cell layers. The important role these two factors play in regulating organ growth is further demonstrated by gain-of-function experiments showing that ectopic NUB expression is ...
NAGS - BMC Biochemistry
... glutamine, bicarbonate and ATP as substrates [53]. Nacetylglutamate (NAG), which is formed enzymatically by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS; EC 2.3.1.1) from glutamate and acetyl coenzyme A (Figure 1), is an essential allosteric activator of CPSI, and deficiency of NAG results in a block in ureagen ...
... glutamine, bicarbonate and ATP as substrates [53]. Nacetylglutamate (NAG), which is formed enzymatically by N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS; EC 2.3.1.1) from glutamate and acetyl coenzyme A (Figure 1), is an essential allosteric activator of CPSI, and deficiency of NAG results in a block in ureagen ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.