G α 12/13 regulate epiboly by inhibiting E
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... in vitro (Boleti et al., 1996). It has been hypothesized that Kinesin12s serve as dynamic linkers between two mirrored sets of microtubules in the phragmoplast (Lee and Liu, 2000; Liu and Lee, 2001). In this report, we used mutants in which genes encoding PAKRP1/Kinesin-12A and PAKRP1L/Kinesin-12B w ...
... in vitro (Boleti et al., 1996). It has been hypothesized that Kinesin12s serve as dynamic linkers between two mirrored sets of microtubules in the phragmoplast (Lee and Liu, 2000; Liu and Lee, 2001). In this report, we used mutants in which genes encoding PAKRP1/Kinesin-12A and PAKRP1L/Kinesin-12B w ...
Foci of Trinucleotide Repeat Transcripts in Nuclei
... that the CTG repeat sequence was present in the DM fibroblasts and distributed perinuclearly within the cytoplasm (Fig. 2 A). In contrast, signal from the repeat was absent in the cytoplasm of normal fibroblasts (Fig. 2 D). We then confirmed this observation in diseased muscle by investigating the d ...
... that the CTG repeat sequence was present in the DM fibroblasts and distributed perinuclearly within the cytoplasm (Fig. 2 A). In contrast, signal from the repeat was absent in the cytoplasm of normal fibroblasts (Fig. 2 D). We then confirmed this observation in diseased muscle by investigating the d ...
An Isotype-specific Activator of Major Histocompatibility Complex
... process has taken advantage of the existence of both MHC class II CID patient- and experimentally derived mutant cell lines that do not express class II genes but can be induced to do so upon somatic cell fusion with a class II–positive cell line (6). Somatic cell fusion between the mutant cell line ...
... process has taken advantage of the existence of both MHC class II CID patient- and experimentally derived mutant cell lines that do not express class II genes but can be induced to do so upon somatic cell fusion with a class II–positive cell line (6). Somatic cell fusion between the mutant cell line ...
PDF - Bezanilla Lab
... (Fig. 1 B and C; Fig. S1B). Real-time RT-PCR analysis of class I silenced plants shows that all class I transcripts are reduced in expression (Fig. 1D). Overall, class I silenced plants have a 76% reduction in the total amount of class I transcripts. Although the plants are smaller, they retain high ...
... (Fig. 1 B and C; Fig. S1B). Real-time RT-PCR analysis of class I silenced plants shows that all class I transcripts are reduced in expression (Fig. 1D). Overall, class I silenced plants have a 76% reduction in the total amount of class I transcripts. Although the plants are smaller, they retain high ...
Separate Metabolic Pathways Leading to DNA Fragmentation
... The effects of different concentrations of micrococcal nuclease and different digestion times on DNA degradation were next assessed, in order to determine if there is a correlation between the nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation under a range of ~ n t conditions. DNA fragmentation in nuclei tre ...
... The effects of different concentrations of micrococcal nuclease and different digestion times on DNA degradation were next assessed, in order to determine if there is a correlation between the nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation under a range of ~ n t conditions. DNA fragmentation in nuclei tre ...
Cellular Biology - Circulation Research
... kinases (CDKs) related to G1/S and G2/M transition and upregulation of G1 phase–related cyclins and CDKs.5 Cyclins belong to a family of proteins, which control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases. Several different cyclins exist, which are active i ...
... kinases (CDKs) related to G1/S and G2/M transition and upregulation of G1 phase–related cyclins and CDKs.5 Cyclins belong to a family of proteins, which control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases. Several different cyclins exist, which are active i ...
Membrane traffic and fusion at post-Golgi compartments
... with both α-TIP and γ-TIP in various differentiated tissues (also reviewed in Frigerio et al., 2008). According to Sohn et al. (2007), a mutation of TFL1, a shoot meristem identity gene involved in flower development, results in defects in PSV trafficking. TFL1 is not only located at the PM and a PSV- ...
... with both α-TIP and γ-TIP in various differentiated tissues (also reviewed in Frigerio et al., 2008). According to Sohn et al. (2007), a mutation of TFL1, a shoot meristem identity gene involved in flower development, results in defects in PSV trafficking. TFL1 is not only located at the PM and a PSV- ...
the Golgi Apparatus as the central station of the
... apparatus results in functional polarity and vectorial traffic. During this journey, the lipids and proteins passing through the Golgi undergo several sequential modifications determined by the molecular composition of the enzymes unevenly distributed in the cisternae (Roth, 1997; Varki, 1998). In c ...
... apparatus results in functional polarity and vectorial traffic. During this journey, the lipids and proteins passing through the Golgi undergo several sequential modifications determined by the molecular composition of the enzymes unevenly distributed in the cisternae (Roth, 1997; Varki, 1998). In c ...
Getting to the root of plant biology: impact of the Arabidopsis
... data to identify the causal connections in the network. If this information could be obtained for every cell type and every developmental stage of the root, it would provide an allencompassing picture of the regulatory networks controlling root development. Genomic sequence data were critical for de ...
... data to identify the causal connections in the network. If this information could be obtained for every cell type and every developmental stage of the root, it would provide an allencompassing picture of the regulatory networks controlling root development. Genomic sequence data were critical for de ...
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE THETA CELL OF THE MOUSE
... Theta cells show dense aggregations of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery corresponding with the basophilic region observed by light microscopy (Fig. 1). In this area, membranebounded cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum are very flattened and extend to distant areas. The contents of t ...
... Theta cells show dense aggregations of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery corresponding with the basophilic region observed by light microscopy (Fig. 1). In this area, membranebounded cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum are very flattened and extend to distant areas. The contents of t ...
Isolation of AtSUC2 promoter-GFP
... (Asano et al., 2002; Kerk et al., 2003; Nakazono et al., 2003). Differentially expressed genes were identi®ed in vascular tissues from maize and rice phloem tissues composed of functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the ...
... (Asano et al., 2002; Kerk et al., 2003; Nakazono et al., 2003). Differentially expressed genes were identi®ed in vascular tissues from maize and rice phloem tissues composed of functionally different cell types. These microarray studies and EST collections, however, lacked expression pro®les for the ...
Transcripts of the npm-alk fusion gene in anaplastic large cell
... classical form consists of large anaplastic cells that preferentially occupy the sinuses and T-cell areas of lymph nodes. The tumor cells often exhibit a cohesive pattern of growth and strongly express CD30 (Ki-l), which is an activationassociated marker belonging to the nerve growth factorhumor nec ...
... classical form consists of large anaplastic cells that preferentially occupy the sinuses and T-cell areas of lymph nodes. The tumor cells often exhibit a cohesive pattern of growth and strongly express CD30 (Ki-l), which is an activationassociated marker belonging to the nerve growth factorhumor nec ...
Polar auxin transport and patterning
... most conspicuous “rules” were to allow a cell to position PIN proteins toward neighboring cells with higher auxin levels (Jonsson et al. 2006) and to make PIN1 levels auxin dependent (Smith et al. 2006). While several additional rules were needed to make the different phyllotaxis models run, these t ...
... most conspicuous “rules” were to allow a cell to position PIN proteins toward neighboring cells with higher auxin levels (Jonsson et al. 2006) and to make PIN1 levels auxin dependent (Smith et al. 2006). While several additional rules were needed to make the different phyllotaxis models run, these t ...
- Wiley Online Library
... sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana was completed 10 years ago, but several regulatory mechanisms of embryo development have since been discovered or analysed in more detail. Although this progress did not strictly depend on the availability of the genome sequence itself, several advances were consider ...
... sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana was completed 10 years ago, but several regulatory mechanisms of embryo development have since been discovered or analysed in more detail. Although this progress did not strictly depend on the availability of the genome sequence itself, several advances were consider ...
View Full Page PDF - Physiological Reviews
... act over a greater distance to direct immune cell movement and activation in tissue (85). These three systems, 1) selectin binding to carbohydrate mucinlike molecules, 2) cell adhesion molecules from the Ig and the extracellular matrix protein families binding to integrins, and 3) chemoattractants a ...
... act over a greater distance to direct immune cell movement and activation in tissue (85). These three systems, 1) selectin binding to carbohydrate mucinlike molecules, 2) cell adhesion molecules from the Ig and the extracellular matrix protein families binding to integrins, and 3) chemoattractants a ...
1. (a) cells if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1 (b) tail 1
... answers must be in the correct order accept ‘a green part’ accept ‘stem’ or other named green part ...
... answers must be in the correct order accept ‘a green part’ accept ‘stem’ or other named green part ...
T cell metabolism drives immunity
... Figure 2. Metabolic pathways that support T cells. ATP is the molecular currency of energy in the cell. It can be derived from glucose through two integrated pathways. The first of these, glycolysis (green), involves the enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The TCA cycle (o ...
... Figure 2. Metabolic pathways that support T cells. ATP is the molecular currency of energy in the cell. It can be derived from glucose through two integrated pathways. The first of these, glycolysis (green), involves the enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. The TCA cycle (o ...
Msx genes define a population of mural cell - HAL
... 2006), together with Msx1lacZ null alleles. Using this strategy Msx1 is inactivated in the two layers of the blood vessel whereas Msx2 is inactivated only in the VSMCs. The specific αSm22Cre transgene we used was chosen to inactivate Msx2lox because of its early activation in mural cells (El-Bizri ...
... 2006), together with Msx1lacZ null alleles. Using this strategy Msx1 is inactivated in the two layers of the blood vessel whereas Msx2 is inactivated only in the VSMCs. The specific αSm22Cre transgene we used was chosen to inactivate Msx2lox because of its early activation in mural cells (El-Bizri ...
Fibronectin and radial intercalation
... domain (CCBD) of Xenopus FN (Ramos and DeSimone, 1996; Ramos et al., 1996). Blastocoelar injection of these mAbs before the onset of gastrulation completely blocked assembly of FN fibrils (Fig. 1C,D). The inability to assemble a fibrillar matrix was not due to antibody crosslinking of FN, as injecti ...
... domain (CCBD) of Xenopus FN (Ramos and DeSimone, 1996; Ramos et al., 1996). Blastocoelar injection of these mAbs before the onset of gastrulation completely blocked assembly of FN fibrils (Fig. 1C,D). The inability to assemble a fibrillar matrix was not due to antibody crosslinking of FN, as injecti ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae adaptation to weak acids involves the
... of the major facilitator superfamily, required for yeast resistance to the polyamine spermine toxicity by promoting its active export [15,16]. The Haa1p-regulon also includes the YGP1 gene which encodes a poorly characterized cell wall glycoprotein synthesized in response to nutrient limitation and ...
... of the major facilitator superfamily, required for yeast resistance to the polyamine spermine toxicity by promoting its active export [15,16]. The Haa1p-regulon also includes the YGP1 gene which encodes a poorly characterized cell wall glycoprotein synthesized in response to nutrient limitation and ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.