Plastid division
... Plastids undergo a process of binary fission in order to replicate. Plastid replication is required at two distinct stages of plant growth: during cell division to ensure correct plastid segregation, and during cell expansion and development to generate large populations of functional plastids, as i ...
... Plastids undergo a process of binary fission in order to replicate. Plastid replication is required at two distinct stages of plant growth: during cell division to ensure correct plastid segregation, and during cell expansion and development to generate large populations of functional plastids, as i ...
The Arabidopsis repressor of light signaling SPA1
... SPA1::GUS-SPA1 lines showed full complementation of the leafsize phenotype of the parental spa triple mutant in short and long days (Fig. 4A,B; see Fig. S4B in the supplementary material). Phloem-specific as well as mesophyll-specific expression of GUSSPA1 under the control of the SUC2 and CAB3 prom ...
... SPA1::GUS-SPA1 lines showed full complementation of the leafsize phenotype of the parental spa triple mutant in short and long days (Fig. 4A,B; see Fig. S4B in the supplementary material). Phloem-specific as well as mesophyll-specific expression of GUSSPA1 under the control of the SUC2 and CAB3 prom ...
Nestin Is Required for the Proper SelfRenewal of Neural Stem Cells
... in other IF proteins, is essential for filament assembly. Nestin is depolymerized during mitosis and is reincorporated into the IF network in G1 phase. The depolymerization of nestin has been suggested to be regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation [10]. During mitosis, nestin was shown to promote ...
... in other IF proteins, is essential for filament assembly. Nestin is depolymerized during mitosis and is reincorporated into the IF network in G1 phase. The depolymerization of nestin has been suggested to be regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation [10]. During mitosis, nestin was shown to promote ...
Nature Cell Biol. 6
... LPA-treated Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (data not shown). Prolonged incubation of serum-starved and amino-acid-starved NIH or Swiss 3T3 cells with amino acids (1–8 h) induced a low level of stress-fibre formation that was also rapamycin insensitive (data not shown). Thus, as shown previously for serum and ...
... LPA-treated Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (data not shown). Prolonged incubation of serum-starved and amino-acid-starved NIH or Swiss 3T3 cells with amino acids (1–8 h) induced a low level of stress-fibre formation that was also rapamycin insensitive (data not shown). Thus, as shown previously for serum and ...
Signaling Mechanisms That Regulate Smooth Muscle Cell
... A critical step in the activation of SMC-specific gene expression is SRF binding to CArG elements, and several mechanisms regulate this interaction. High SRF expression in all 3 muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecif ...
... A critical step in the activation of SMC-specific gene expression is SRF binding to CArG elements, and several mechanisms regulate this interaction. High SRF expression in all 3 muscle cell types likely promotes SRF binding to the relatively low affinity CArG elements present within the musclespecif ...
Enzyme Activities Associated with Carbohydrate
... antinotransferase. This enzyme may be a point of control for chitin synthesis. The results in Fig. 2 ( d ) were obtained with concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine giving maximum enzyme activity. Study of the relative enzyme activity shown by the ratio of the activity in the two forms ...
... antinotransferase. This enzyme may be a point of control for chitin synthesis. The results in Fig. 2 ( d ) were obtained with concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate and glutamine giving maximum enzyme activity. Study of the relative enzyme activity shown by the ratio of the activity in the two forms ...
Cell fate specification and maintenance in the female gametophyte
... applied for various tissues and different organisms, e.g. Laser capture micro dissection (LCM) (Kerk et al., 2003; Nakamura et al., 2004; Espina et al., 2006; Paulsen et al., 2009), Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (Birnbaum et al., 2003; Jayasinghe et al., 2006; Shigenobu et al., 2006), T ...
... applied for various tissues and different organisms, e.g. Laser capture micro dissection (LCM) (Kerk et al., 2003; Nakamura et al., 2004; Espina et al., 2006; Paulsen et al., 2009), Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) (Birnbaum et al., 2003; Jayasinghe et al., 2006; Shigenobu et al., 2006), T ...
Functional Utrastructure of Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) Digestive
... the sessile hairs of Byblis and Pinguicula, and suggested that their function and mechanism were also similar. For a proper understanding of the functions of the trap, detailed knowledge of the ultrastructure of these hairs is required. On that basis, comparison of digestive hair ultrastructure in P ...
... the sessile hairs of Byblis and Pinguicula, and suggested that their function and mechanism were also similar. For a proper understanding of the functions of the trap, detailed knowledge of the ultrastructure of these hairs is required. On that basis, comparison of digestive hair ultrastructure in P ...
Human Placenta Is a Potent Hematopoietic
... are mainly in the CD34 placenta fraction. Genotyping of CFUMix colonies from CD34+ and CD34 placenta cells (gestation week 9) revealed that the hematopoietic cells were fetal-derived (data not shown). By week 15 (and 38; term), these progenitors are in the CD34+ fraction, suggesting a developmental ...
... are mainly in the CD34 placenta fraction. Genotyping of CFUMix colonies from CD34+ and CD34 placenta cells (gestation week 9) revealed that the hematopoietic cells were fetal-derived (data not shown). By week 15 (and 38; term), these progenitors are in the CD34+ fraction, suggesting a developmental ...
Examination of the role of signal transduction and oxidative stress in
... caused a dose-dependent significant increase in AP-1 and NF-κB. RCF-1 increased NF-κB, but this was not statistically significant. Asbestos increases in AP-1 and NF-κB were due to asbestos-mediated lipid peroxidation as vitamin E ameliorated the effects. To further compare the fibre responses in tar ...
... caused a dose-dependent significant increase in AP-1 and NF-κB. RCF-1 increased NF-κB, but this was not statistically significant. Asbestos increases in AP-1 and NF-κB were due to asbestos-mediated lipid peroxidation as vitamin E ameliorated the effects. To further compare the fibre responses in tar ...
In vivo single-RNA tracking shows that most tRNA diffuses freely in
... studies to visualize single mRNA molecules in cells used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in fixed cells (5) and mRNA tracking in live cells (6). Subsequent in vivo studies of mRNA dynamics relied on indirect tagging of mRNA with fluorescent proteins (FP) fused to the bacteriophage MS2 coat ...
... studies to visualize single mRNA molecules in cells used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in fixed cells (5) and mRNA tracking in live cells (6). Subsequent in vivo studies of mRNA dynamics relied on indirect tagging of mRNA with fluorescent proteins (FP) fused to the bacteriophage MS2 coat ...
Intracellular Signals Direct Integrin Localization to Sites of Function
... to extracellular ligands, they become clustered, which by itself induces increased tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins (Miyamoto et al., 1995). If this phosphorylation is required for the formation of focal adhesions, then the clustering is another key step initiated by the extracellu ...
... to extracellular ligands, they become clustered, which by itself induces increased tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins (Miyamoto et al., 1995). If this phosphorylation is required for the formation of focal adhesions, then the clustering is another key step initiated by the extracellu ...
Living together in biofilms: the microbial cell factory and its
... concentrations of rhamnolipids alter cell-surface properties by increasing the hydrophobicity of the cell, which increases its surface affinity and therefore its initial surface adherence [40, 48, 49]. However, the overproduction of rhamnolipids inhibits biofilm formation, blocks cellular aggregatio ...
... concentrations of rhamnolipids alter cell-surface properties by increasing the hydrophobicity of the cell, which increases its surface affinity and therefore its initial surface adherence [40, 48, 49]. However, the overproduction of rhamnolipids inhibits biofilm formation, blocks cellular aggregatio ...
05 Keim
... the cell showing two magnetosome chains (b), two P-rich granules (c, d) and three electron-lucent inclusions (e). The lettering shows the places where EDX analysis were done. Bar = 200 nm. (B) EDX spectrum of a magnetosome showing mainly iron and oxygen peaks. Small P, S, and Cl peaks are derived fr ...
... the cell showing two magnetosome chains (b), two P-rich granules (c, d) and three electron-lucent inclusions (e). The lettering shows the places where EDX analysis were done. Bar = 200 nm. (B) EDX spectrum of a magnetosome showing mainly iron and oxygen peaks. Small P, S, and Cl peaks are derived fr ...
Regulation of plasmodesmal transport by phosphorylation of
... utilized in vivo. Thus, we analyzed transgenic plants that express MP mutants in which one phosphorylation site residue was left intact while the other two were substituted with non-phosphorylatable alanine residues. Speci®cally, mutants sb-10, sb-11 and sb-12 retained Ser258, Thr261 and Ser265 resi ...
... utilized in vivo. Thus, we analyzed transgenic plants that express MP mutants in which one phosphorylation site residue was left intact while the other two were substituted with non-phosphorylatable alanine residues. Speci®cally, mutants sb-10, sb-11 and sb-12 retained Ser258, Thr261 and Ser265 resi ...
A Definitive, Rapid Alternative to the Gram Stain Assay
... The Gram stain assay differentiates bacteria into two groups. Gram positive organisms have high levels of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retain the primary crystal violet stain and appear purple. The Gram negative cell wall contains small levels of peptidoglycan but also contains an outer ...
... The Gram stain assay differentiates bacteria into two groups. Gram positive organisms have high levels of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retain the primary crystal violet stain and appear purple. The Gram negative cell wall contains small levels of peptidoglycan but also contains an outer ...
G α 12/13 regulate epiboly by inhibiting E
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
... defect was observed in E-cadherin–deficient embryos, with cells bulging and detaching from the embryonic surface (Babb and Marrs, 2004; Kane et al., 2005; McFarland et al., 2005; Shimizu et al., 2005). E-cadherin is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that is indirectly linked to the actin cytoskeleton t ...
Lymphadenosis Benigna Cutis or Cutaneous Lymphoid Hyperplasia
... vaccinations, and taking drugs such as antihistaminics and phenytoin.[8,9] The natural history of localized lesions is initial enlargement, sometimes followed by involution; disseminated lesions tend to be more persistant. Evolution to lymphoma over a period of years has been reported, but some of t ...
... vaccinations, and taking drugs such as antihistaminics and phenytoin.[8,9] The natural history of localized lesions is initial enlargement, sometimes followed by involution; disseminated lesions tend to be more persistant. Evolution to lymphoma over a period of years has been reported, but some of t ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.