Spatial Relationship between Transcription Sites and Chromosome
... modifications. The following protocol was found to produce optimal preservation of intranuclear organization of transcription sites and H4 acetylated histones. Cells were rinsed with PBS and fixed for 10 min at 48C in 4% (wt/vol) formaldehyde diluted in PBS. To facilitate probe penetration, cells we ...
... modifications. The following protocol was found to produce optimal preservation of intranuclear organization of transcription sites and H4 acetylated histones. Cells were rinsed with PBS and fixed for 10 min at 48C in 4% (wt/vol) formaldehyde diluted in PBS. To facilitate probe penetration, cells we ...
PLANT IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEMS
... mRNA promoters only when supplemented with additional factors present in crude cellular and nuclear extracts. In plant genes, most of the work has been devoted to the process of transcription initiation of mRNA genes, whose expression is differentially regulated by developmental and by external cues ...
... mRNA promoters only when supplemented with additional factors present in crude cellular and nuclear extracts. In plant genes, most of the work has been devoted to the process of transcription initiation of mRNA genes, whose expression is differentially regulated by developmental and by external cues ...
high-throughput transient gene expression in plant
... is to create a database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that can be used to identify expressed genes. This approach of randomly selecting and sequencing a large set of eDNA clones allows to put together a collection of sequence fragments of expressed genes. EST data may be used to identify gene pr ...
... is to create a database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that can be used to identify expressed genes. This approach of randomly selecting and sequencing a large set of eDNA clones allows to put together a collection of sequence fragments of expressed genes. EST data may be used to identify gene pr ...
Millius et al., J. Cell Sci., 2012 - Cardiovascular Research Institute
... within 1 mm of the leading edge (Fig. 2G,H). The distribution of p40 might be more restricted than either actin or WAVE2 for several reasons: other Arp2/3 complex activators such as WASP or N-WASP in combination with WAVE2 might further bias Arp2/3 to the cell periphery, or undersampling of WAVE2 pa ...
... within 1 mm of the leading edge (Fig. 2G,H). The distribution of p40 might be more restricted than either actin or WAVE2 for several reasons: other Arp2/3 complex activators such as WASP or N-WASP in combination with WAVE2 might further bias Arp2/3 to the cell periphery, or undersampling of WAVE2 pa ...
Extracellular ATP Functions as an
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
Genetic modification of wood quality for second
... are required.50 These enzymes have eight transmembrane domains, two at the amino terminus and six at the carboxy terminus, which form a channel in the plasma membrane for secretion of the glucan chain. Between the two regions of transmembrane domains, there is a large central, cytoplasmic domain con ...
... are required.50 These enzymes have eight transmembrane domains, two at the amino terminus and six at the carboxy terminus, which form a channel in the plasma membrane for secretion of the glucan chain. Between the two regions of transmembrane domains, there is a large central, cytoplasmic domain con ...
Isolated cell behavior drives the evolution of
... to cell death and the failure to form macroscopic colonies on agar. We next compared the antibiotic concentration required to prevent colony formation after overnight growth with the scMIC measured in liquid culture. These quantities should be equivalent: each colony observed on an agar plate develo ...
... to cell death and the failure to form macroscopic colonies on agar. We next compared the antibiotic concentration required to prevent colony formation after overnight growth with the scMIC measured in liquid culture. These quantities should be equivalent: each colony observed on an agar plate develo ...
ORDINARy DIFFERENTIAL EqUATIONS AND CELLULAR
... Each agent consists of state variables and a set of rules that governs its behaviour. Agents can interact either directly with each other or indirectly through the environment. Because all individuals in a population are explicitly represented, they can have unique histories and behaviours. ...
... Each agent consists of state variables and a set of rules that governs its behaviour. Agents can interact either directly with each other or indirectly through the environment. Because all individuals in a population are explicitly represented, they can have unique histories and behaviours. ...
Dynamics of the slowing segmentation clock reveal
... matches the rate of somitogenesis, gradually slows as PSM cells become more anterior, and increases in amplitude during the final two oscillations. The clock slowing in anterior PSM cells creates a phase distribution where cells at a one-somite distance are actually in opposite phases of clock expre ...
... matches the rate of somitogenesis, gradually slows as PSM cells become more anterior, and increases in amplitude during the final two oscillations. The clock slowing in anterior PSM cells creates a phase distribution where cells at a one-somite distance are actually in opposite phases of clock expre ...
The Relation Between Scale and the Completeness of Pattern in
... It is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, the abstract idea or formalism of the positional information gradient which seems to flow naturally from the empirical observations of pattern polarity and continuity and the organiser phenomenon, and on the other hand particular mechanistic h ...
... It is important to distinguish between, on the one hand, the abstract idea or formalism of the positional information gradient which seems to flow naturally from the empirical observations of pattern polarity and continuity and the organiser phenomenon, and on the other hand particular mechanistic h ...
ExamplePoster3 - Bridgewater College
... FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE DEPOLYMERASE IN STREPTOMYCES SP. 5A Matthew B. Persinger, Matthew Shull, and Stephen F. Baron, Biology Dept., Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA 22812 ...
... FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SYNTHESIS OF POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE DEPOLYMERASE IN STREPTOMYCES SP. 5A Matthew B. Persinger, Matthew Shull, and Stephen F. Baron, Biology Dept., Bridgewater College, Bridgewater, VA 22812 ...
- Wiley Online Library
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
... near and n = 39 far). The average diameter of the neurites in which we tracked mitochondrial movement, determined from all of those for which we had DIC images, was 1.16 ± 0.1 μm (mean ± SEM, N = 19). Well above the diffraction limit of the point spread function (>400 nm), the apparent and real size ...
Dubrulle and Pourquie, 2004 - Development
... (Fig. 1A). The first step in paraxial mesoderm formation is a change in the cellular adhesion properties. Cells contained in the primitive streak and fated to become paraxial mesoderm lose their epithelial characteristics and become free to migrate laterally to enter the nascent PSM. The forming cau ...
... (Fig. 1A). The first step in paraxial mesoderm formation is a change in the cellular adhesion properties. Cells contained in the primitive streak and fated to become paraxial mesoderm lose their epithelial characteristics and become free to migrate laterally to enter the nascent PSM. The forming cau ...
Genetic and molecular identification of genes
... two- or four-nuclear stage, to embryo sacs with defects in polar nuclei fusion (not shown). Mutants presenting defects in fertilization A large fraction of mutants was found to be affected during post-pollination processes. Among these, we found 18 mutants that appeared normal at stage FG7, but were ...
... two- or four-nuclear stage, to embryo sacs with defects in polar nuclei fusion (not shown). Mutants presenting defects in fertilization A large fraction of mutants was found to be affected during post-pollination processes. Among these, we found 18 mutants that appeared normal at stage FG7, but were ...
Spore Formation Bacillus subtilis during Compartmentalization of
... resistance to stresses such as heat and noxious chemicals compared to what is seen with vegetative cells. It was shown 25 years ago through a study of genetic mosaics that gene expression is compartmentalized during sporulation of B. subtilis, with different genes being expressed in the prespore and ...
... resistance to stresses such as heat and noxious chemicals compared to what is seen with vegetative cells. It was shown 25 years ago through a study of genetic mosaics that gene expression is compartmentalized during sporulation of B. subtilis, with different genes being expressed in the prespore and ...
Genetic and molecular identification of genes
... two- or four-nuclear stage, to embryo sacs with defects in polar nuclei fusion (not shown). Mutants presenting defects in fertilization A large fraction of mutants was found to be affected during post-pollination processes. Among these, we found 18 mutants that appeared normal at stage FG7, but were ...
... two- or four-nuclear stage, to embryo sacs with defects in polar nuclei fusion (not shown). Mutants presenting defects in fertilization A large fraction of mutants was found to be affected during post-pollination processes. Among these, we found 18 mutants that appeared normal at stage FG7, but were ...
DNA damage induces nucleoid compaction via the Mre11Rad50
... 1995; Poplawski and Bernander, 1997; Cabrera and Jin, 2003). Moreover, amino-acid starvation that induces the stringent response leads to nucleoid expansion (Cabrera and Jin, 2003; Ferullo and Lovett, 2008), and changes in the structure of the bacterial nucleoid are also observed after DNA damage; t ...
... 1995; Poplawski and Bernander, 1997; Cabrera and Jin, 2003). Moreover, amino-acid starvation that induces the stringent response leads to nucleoid expansion (Cabrera and Jin, 2003; Ferullo and Lovett, 2008), and changes in the structure of the bacterial nucleoid are also observed after DNA damage; t ...
Synthetic Physical Interactions Map Kinetochore
... we could not activate the SAC directly by tethering Mad2, even a constitutively active form of Mad2, to the kinetochore. The only exception is the association of Mad2 with Cse4, which robustly activates the SAC. However, we show that this interaction likely acts indirectly, first disrupting kinetocho ...
... we could not activate the SAC directly by tethering Mad2, even a constitutively active form of Mad2, to the kinetochore. The only exception is the association of Mad2 with Cse4, which robustly activates the SAC. However, we show that this interaction likely acts indirectly, first disrupting kinetocho ...
Archaea Topics in Biodiversity
... as the cell grows. In some cases more than two daughter chromosomes can be created and subsequently pull apart, in a process called multiple fission. Archael chromosomes replicate from multiple origins of replication, using DNA polymerases that resemble counterpart eukaryotic enzymes. However, the p ...
... as the cell grows. In some cases more than two daughter chromosomes can be created and subsequently pull apart, in a process called multiple fission. Archael chromosomes replicate from multiple origins of replication, using DNA polymerases that resemble counterpart eukaryotic enzymes. However, the p ...
the sting bulb gland in myrmecia and nothomyrmecia
... them (Fig. 6). The gland also occurs in the sting of the queen of Myrmeciapilosula that I had available for examination, although the incomplete section series did not allow me to estimate its development relative to the situation in workers. The secretory cells have a rounded to polygonal appearanc ...
... them (Fig. 6). The gland also occurs in the sting of the queen of Myrmeciapilosula that I had available for examination, although the incomplete section series did not allow me to estimate its development relative to the situation in workers. The secretory cells have a rounded to polygonal appearanc ...
Dynamics of Cell Movement and Tissue Motion in Gastrulation and
... Counts of cells moving into the FOV for image set II. . . . . . . ...
... Counts of cells moving into the FOV for image set II. . . . . . . ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... support, and advice of many people. I would first like to thank my committee members: Dr. David Domozych, Dr. Heather Youngs, and Dr. Stephen Hackney. I would also like to especially thank Dr. Michael Gretz for his advice, direction, and consistent encouragement. In fact, I would be remiss if I did ...
... support, and advice of many people. I would first like to thank my committee members: Dr. David Domozych, Dr. Heather Youngs, and Dr. Stephen Hackney. I would also like to especially thank Dr. Michael Gretz for his advice, direction, and consistent encouragement. In fact, I would be remiss if I did ...
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... each. All 20 flasks of series A contained 200ml of physiological water (NaCl: 0.85%) each and were used as control. The three other series contained 200ml of the extract at different concentrations 1%, 1.5% and 2% for series B, C and D respectively. One ml of the bacterial stock was then transferred ...
... each. All 20 flasks of series A contained 200ml of physiological water (NaCl: 0.85%) each and were used as control. The three other series contained 200ml of the extract at different concentrations 1%, 1.5% and 2% for series B, C and D respectively. One ml of the bacterial stock was then transferred ...
Impact of invertase overexpression on cell size
... epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in darkness ( Kutschera, 1991a, b). Since stem elongation is accompanied by a corresponding accumulation of soluble sugars, it was proposed that uptake of hexoses into expan ...
... epidermis and mesophyll cells. In contrast, turgor and osmotic pressure remained largely constant during rapid stem elongation in darkness ( Kutschera, 1991a, b). Since stem elongation is accompanied by a corresponding accumulation of soluble sugars, it was proposed that uptake of hexoses into expan ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.