Amyloplasts and Vacuolar Membrane Dynamics in
... INTRODUCTION Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of thei ...
... INTRODUCTION Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of thei ...
Control of convergent yolk syncytial layer nuclear movement in
... Up⬇1 μm/minute is the speed with which the progenitor patch moves. Since the time scale for cortical flow is much longer than that for elastic relaxation, the cortex may be described as an incompressible viscous fluid for the present purpose. In general, the flow profile is a function of the Reynold ...
... Up⬇1 μm/minute is the speed with which the progenitor patch moves. Since the time scale for cortical flow is much longer than that for elastic relaxation, the cortex may be described as an incompressible viscous fluid for the present purpose. In general, the flow profile is a function of the Reynold ...
Control of convergent yolk syncytial layer nuclear movement in
... Up⬇1 μm/minute is the speed with which the progenitor patch moves. Since the time scale for cortical flow is much longer than that for elastic relaxation, the cortex may be described as an incompressible viscous fluid for the present purpose. In general, the flow profile is a function of the Reynold ...
... Up⬇1 μm/minute is the speed with which the progenitor patch moves. Since the time scale for cortical flow is much longer than that for elastic relaxation, the cortex may be described as an incompressible viscous fluid for the present purpose. In general, the flow profile is a function of the Reynold ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics, vancomycin, was used for decades as last resort antibiotic. It binds to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of Lipid II and nascent peptidoglycan ...
... incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics, vancomycin, was used for decades as last resort antibiotic. It binds to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of Lipid II and nascent peptidoglycan ...
Maternal Torso-Like Coordinates Tissue Folding During
... tsl4 and tsl5 alleles, both of which are known to be stronger with respect to the terminal class phenotype (Savant-Bhonsale and Montell 1993), cuticular holes were readily observed (Fig. 1E). We also performed a rescue experiment using a genomic tsl construct in which Tsl is tagged at the N-terminus ...
... tsl4 and tsl5 alleles, both of which are known to be stronger with respect to the terminal class phenotype (Savant-Bhonsale and Montell 1993), cuticular holes were readily observed (Fig. 1E). We also performed a rescue experiment using a genomic tsl construct in which Tsl is tagged at the N-terminus ...
Endocytic membrane fusion and buckling
... partly due to difficulties in identifying the stage of cell progression through telophase. Although cells progress from metaphase to telophase in 20–30 minutes, telophase often lasts up to 2–3 hours before daughter cells undergo their final separation. Traditionally, after the formation of a contrac ...
... partly due to difficulties in identifying the stage of cell progression through telophase. Although cells progress from metaphase to telophase in 20–30 minutes, telophase often lasts up to 2–3 hours before daughter cells undergo their final separation. Traditionally, after the formation of a contrac ...
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to intestinal
... associated with A/E adhesion and intestinal colonization include bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments and intimin. BFP are involved in bacteria–bacteria interaction and microcolony formation but their role in cell adhesion remains unclear; EspA filaments are components of the EPEC type III secr ...
... associated with A/E adhesion and intestinal colonization include bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments and intimin. BFP are involved in bacteria–bacteria interaction and microcolony formation but their role in cell adhesion remains unclear; EspA filaments are components of the EPEC type III secr ...
The Role of Target of Rapamycin Signaling
... temporal cell growth by promoting anabolic processes (e.g. translation, transcription, and ribosome biogenesis) but negatively regulating autophagy (Fig. 1C). Although mTOR has been shown to enter the nucleus to directly regulate transcription (Cunningham et al., 2007), most of the functions of mTOR ...
... temporal cell growth by promoting anabolic processes (e.g. translation, transcription, and ribosome biogenesis) but negatively regulating autophagy (Fig. 1C). Although mTOR has been shown to enter the nucleus to directly regulate transcription (Cunningham et al., 2007), most of the functions of mTOR ...
Actin Dynamics in Papilla Cells of Brassica rapa
... and number of large peaks increased (Fig. 1, B and C). In contrast, during self-pollination, a large peak was not detected and the number of small peaks also decreased (Fig. 1, D and E). These quantitative results are consistent with the data shown in Figure 1. We next randomly selected 50 papilla c ...
... and number of large peaks increased (Fig. 1, B and C). In contrast, during self-pollination, a large peak was not detected and the number of small peaks also decreased (Fig. 1, D and E). These quantitative results are consistent with the data shown in Figure 1. We next randomly selected 50 papilla c ...
Alternative splicing of human cyclin E - Journal of Cell Science
... in different cell lines we observed a second minor RNA species that was slightly smaller than the major RNA representing the previously described cyclin E (Koff et al., 1991). This shorter cyclin E RNA, termed cyclin Es, was detected by PCR analysis of cDNA from 6 different cell lines, i.e. the smal ...
... in different cell lines we observed a second minor RNA species that was slightly smaller than the major RNA representing the previously described cyclin E (Koff et al., 1991). This shorter cyclin E RNA, termed cyclin Es, was detected by PCR analysis of cDNA from 6 different cell lines, i.e. the smal ...
Monoclonal Antibody Characterization of Two Distant Sites
... purified 37-kD fragment by intraperitoneal injection with complete Freund's adjuvant and boosted with the 37-kD fragment in incomplete Freund's adjuvant . Positive clones were identified by ELISA using 1001ul hybridoma conditioned medium as the first antibody. ELISA substrates were prepared by incub ...
... purified 37-kD fragment by intraperitoneal injection with complete Freund's adjuvant and boosted with the 37-kD fragment in incomplete Freund's adjuvant . Positive clones were identified by ELISA using 1001ul hybridoma conditioned medium as the first antibody. ELISA substrates were prepared by incub ...
Amphibian gastrulation: history and evolution of a 125 year
... this journal has been devoted. Neural induction during gastrulation was to be investigated for decades. Mesoderm induction at a pregastrula stage was characterized later (Nieuwkoop, 1969). At the present time, an immense number of articles have dealt with cell inductive interactions in the Amphibian ...
... this journal has been devoted. Neural induction during gastrulation was to be investigated for decades. Mesoderm induction at a pregastrula stage was characterized later (Nieuwkoop, 1969). At the present time, an immense number of articles have dealt with cell inductive interactions in the Amphibian ...
Cytokinin–auxin crosstalk
... we review recent significant progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms through which these hormones interact to control specific aspects of plant development. For example, in the root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinin promotes cell differentiation by repressing both auxin signalling ...
... we review recent significant progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms through which these hormones interact to control specific aspects of plant development. For example, in the root meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinin promotes cell differentiation by repressing both auxin signalling ...
Subcellular localization of peroxidase in tomato fruit skin and the
... The cessation of tomato fruit growth has been associated with the appearance of three `wall-bound' peroxidase isozymes in the skin of tomato fruit. However, the presence of these isozymes in the ionically eluted `wall-bound' fraction may be an artefact of either non-speci®c binding of symplastic per ...
... The cessation of tomato fruit growth has been associated with the appearance of three `wall-bound' peroxidase isozymes in the skin of tomato fruit. However, the presence of these isozymes in the ionically eluted `wall-bound' fraction may be an artefact of either non-speci®c binding of symplastic per ...
Hedgehog signaling and yolk sac angiogenesis
... of hedgehog response. Fig. 1A shows blood island morphology in R1 Ptch-lacZ embryoid bodies at day 13. Ptch-lacZ expression is localized in the mesodermal layer (mesothelial cells), adjacent to the source of Ihh signaling (visceral endoderm stained with eosin) and surrounding the blood islands (arro ...
... of hedgehog response. Fig. 1A shows blood island morphology in R1 Ptch-lacZ embryoid bodies at day 13. Ptch-lacZ expression is localized in the mesodermal layer (mesothelial cells), adjacent to the source of Ihh signaling (visceral endoderm stained with eosin) and surrounding the blood islands (arro ...
Monopolar spindle attachment of sister chromatids is ensured by two
... Meiosis is a special type of cell division through which eukaryotic diploid cells produce haploid gametes containing their genetic determinants. In meiosis, two rounds of chromosome segregation follow a single round of DNA replication, thus halving the number of chromosomes per daughter cell. The ®r ...
... Meiosis is a special type of cell division through which eukaryotic diploid cells produce haploid gametes containing their genetic determinants. In meiosis, two rounds of chromosome segregation follow a single round of DNA replication, thus halving the number of chromosomes per daughter cell. The ®r ...
Liver development
... hepatogenesis have been identified. Recently application of this knowledge has enabled researchers to produce “hepatic-like” tissue from embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro, which may ultimately lead to therapeutically useful tissue for transplantation. This review summarizes the current understandin ...
... hepatogenesis have been identified. Recently application of this knowledge has enabled researchers to produce “hepatic-like” tissue from embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro, which may ultimately lead to therapeutically useful tissue for transplantation. This review summarizes the current understandin ...
A Review of Centriole Activity, and Wrongful Activity, during Cell
... Following centriole duplication and separation into two pair, the younger pair moves around the nucleus to the opposite side. While this is occurring, the nuclear membrane begins to soften. The centrioles at the opposite sides of the nucleus then begin to pull the nucleus apart. As the nucleus is be ...
... Following centriole duplication and separation into two pair, the younger pair moves around the nucleus to the opposite side. While this is occurring, the nuclear membrane begins to soften. The centrioles at the opposite sides of the nucleus then begin to pull the nucleus apart. As the nucleus is be ...
The control of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca content in cardiac muscle
... The net result is therefore that an increase in the amplitude of the Ca transient leads to a net loss of Ca from the cell. The combination of the two factors results in a simple feedback loop in which an undesired change of SR Ca content is compensated for by changes of sarcolemmal fluxes [2,23,24]. ...
... The net result is therefore that an increase in the amplitude of the Ca transient leads to a net loss of Ca from the cell. The combination of the two factors results in a simple feedback loop in which an undesired change of SR Ca content is compensated for by changes of sarcolemmal fluxes [2,23,24]. ...
Effects of Ammonia and Lactate on Hybridoma Growth, Metabolism
... containing 5% FBS at five different concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mM. The initial pH was adjusted to 7.4 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (Sigma) at room temperature. The media was supplemented with 100 units/mL potassium penicillin G, and 100 pg/mL streptomycin sulfate. Cells were ...
... containing 5% FBS at five different concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mM. The initial pH was adjusted to 7.4 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (Sigma) at room temperature. The media was supplemented with 100 units/mL potassium penicillin G, and 100 pg/mL streptomycin sulfate. Cells were ...
ELM1 is required for multidrug resistance in
... required for the formation of a stable Swe1-Cdk1 complex that maintains Cdk1 in an inhibited state (ASANO et al. 2005; HARVEY et al. 2005). Additional kinases are involved in the regulation of transition from G2 to mitosis. ELM1 (elongated morphology 1) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, and ...
... required for the formation of a stable Swe1-Cdk1 complex that maintains Cdk1 in an inhibited state (ASANO et al. 2005; HARVEY et al. 2005). Additional kinases are involved in the regulation of transition from G2 to mitosis. ELM1 (elongated morphology 1) encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, and ...
THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES IN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE COMPARTMENTATION ACROSS DIFFERENT
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells. In prokaryotes which lack a cell nucleus, the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle can be divided into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) phase, and cytokinesis. During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA. During the mitotic phase, the cell splits itself into two distinct daughter cells. During the final stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is completely divided. To ensure the proper division of the cell, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints.The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which hair, skin, blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. After cell division, each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable, each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division.