![Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017075013_1-9b1103e51e72993a52aa2e919fb8b156-300x300.png)
Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic
... and IL-22 function in vivo to promote recruitment of neutrophils to areas of bacterial infection, to induce proliferation of enterocytes and production of antibacterial defensins.7-9 Hence, Th17 cells likely play an important role in antibacterial immunity.10,11 In addition, IL-17 has been shown to ...
... and IL-22 function in vivo to promote recruitment of neutrophils to areas of bacterial infection, to induce proliferation of enterocytes and production of antibacterial defensins.7-9 Hence, Th17 cells likely play an important role in antibacterial immunity.10,11 In addition, IL-17 has been shown to ...
Fgf8 induces pillar cell fate and regulates cellular
... The mammalian auditory sensory epithelium (the organ of Corti) contains a number of unique cell types that are arranged in ordered rows. Two of these cell types, inner and outer pillar cells (PCs), are arranged in adjacent rows that form a boundary between a single row of inner hair cells and three ...
... The mammalian auditory sensory epithelium (the organ of Corti) contains a number of unique cell types that are arranged in ordered rows. Two of these cell types, inner and outer pillar cells (PCs), are arranged in adjacent rows that form a boundary between a single row of inner hair cells and three ...
Identification of genes controlling germ cell migration and embryonic
... migrate through the PMG wall, moving along its basal surface to the dorsal side of the embryo (Fig. 1C). From this position, they move toward lateral mesodermal cells in parasegments 1113 (PS11-13, Fig. 1D,E). As the germ band retracts, PGCs associate and align with mesodermal cells in PS10-12 that ...
... migrate through the PMG wall, moving along its basal surface to the dorsal side of the embryo (Fig. 1C). From this position, they move toward lateral mesodermal cells in parasegments 1113 (PS11-13, Fig. 1D,E). As the germ band retracts, PGCs associate and align with mesodermal cells in PS10-12 that ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
... form in which the cell elongates unidirectionally and only at the very tip. This extreme form of polarized growth, or tip-growth, sustains prodigious rates of elongation: Root hairs grow at rates of 10–40 nm sÿ1 (Galway et al., 1997; Wymer et al., 1997), comparable to that of animal neuron growth co ...
Production Which Suppress T Cells through Adenosine Cancer
... impairs maturation and function of dendritic cells, but these effects are mediated principally through the A2B receptor (29). We recently showed that CD73 is expressed by nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes, secreted by human bladder cancer cells (30). In this report, we address the hypothesis ...
... impairs maturation and function of dendritic cells, but these effects are mediated principally through the A2B receptor (29). We recently showed that CD73 is expressed by nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes, secreted by human bladder cancer cells (30). In this report, we address the hypothesis ...
2015 Biology Pacing Guide
... Importance of ions in biological processes b. Develop a logical argument defending water as an essential component of living systems (e.g., unique bonding and properties including polarity, high specific heat, surface tension, hydrogen bonding, adhesion, cohesion, and expansion upon freezing). (DOK ...
... Importance of ions in biological processes b. Develop a logical argument defending water as an essential component of living systems (e.g., unique bonding and properties including polarity, high specific heat, surface tension, hydrogen bonding, adhesion, cohesion, and expansion upon freezing). (DOK ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... Products > PANC-1 Transfection Reagent (Non-endocrine Pancreatic Cancer) Altogen Biosystems offers the Transfection Reagent for PANC-1 Cells Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The PANC-1 Transfection Reagent is a proprietary cationic lipids formu ...
... Products > PANC-1 Transfection Reagent (Non-endocrine Pancreatic Cancer) Altogen Biosystems offers the Transfection Reagent for PANC-1 Cells Transfection Reagent among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The PANC-1 Transfection Reagent is a proprietary cationic lipids formu ...
Colloidal Gold-Mediated Delivery of Bleomycin for Improved
... Side effects of anticancer drugs still remain a problem in cancer treatment [1]. This is partially due to poor distribution of anticancer agents. The side effects may be reduced by improving the bioavailability of the drug in the tumor region [2–5]. Hence, nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery syste ...
... Side effects of anticancer drugs still remain a problem in cancer treatment [1]. This is partially due to poor distribution of anticancer agents. The side effects may be reduced by improving the bioavailability of the drug in the tumor region [2–5]. Hence, nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery syste ...
Interaction of the Two Frontal Eye Fields Before Saccade Onset
... visuomotor, motor-related, and fixation cells. Because individual studies usually focus on a single structure, the capabilities of this structure tend to be singled out to the point where one could conclude hastily that no other center really is needed for shifting gaze. Yet there are several centra ...
... visuomotor, motor-related, and fixation cells. Because individual studies usually focus on a single structure, the capabilities of this structure tend to be singled out to the point where one could conclude hastily that no other center really is needed for shifting gaze. Yet there are several centra ...
Microreviews in Cell and Molecular Biology
... identity. Dynamin B is a nuclear-encoded protein, which is synthesized as preprotein in the cytosol, shuttled for processing to mitochondria, and returned in mature form to the cytosol, where it interacts with a distinct subset of organelle membranes, the plasma membrane, and cytoskeletal structures ...
... identity. Dynamin B is a nuclear-encoded protein, which is synthesized as preprotein in the cytosol, shuttled for processing to mitochondria, and returned in mature form to the cytosol, where it interacts with a distinct subset of organelle membranes, the plasma membrane, and cytoskeletal structures ...
Running title: Mode of Bactericidal Action of the Jatropha curcas
... Leakage of cytoplasmic contents was determined by using Ultrospec® 2100 pro spectrophotometer (Carson et al., 2002; Sampathkumar et al., 2003). The OD of the cell filtrates after exposure of the bacterial cells to the crude extracts was measured at 260 nm (for nucleic acids and aromatic amino acids) ...
... Leakage of cytoplasmic contents was determined by using Ultrospec® 2100 pro spectrophotometer (Carson et al., 2002; Sampathkumar et al., 2003). The OD of the cell filtrates after exposure of the bacterial cells to the crude extracts was measured at 260 nm (for nucleic acids and aromatic amino acids) ...
Mediator Acts Upstream of the Transcriptional Activator Gal4
... only via their production but also via their degradation. Genes are transcribed only if their encoded proteins are required by the environmental or developmental conditions of a cell, and once a certain protein is no longer needed, it is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Tra ...
... only via their production but also via their degradation. Genes are transcribed only if their encoded proteins are required by the environmental or developmental conditions of a cell, and once a certain protein is no longer needed, it is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Tra ...
Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to
... (27, 28). We observed that this effect was lost over time in the presence of bacteria, resulting in complete wetting of the substrates (termed the Wenzel wetting state). The difference in wetting properties of sterile medium versus medium with bacteria could be due to a change in surface tension of ...
... (27, 28). We observed that this effect was lost over time in the presence of bacteria, resulting in complete wetting of the substrates (termed the Wenzel wetting state). The difference in wetting properties of sterile medium versus medium with bacteria could be due to a change in surface tension of ...
Chloroplast Tubules Visualized in Transplastomic Plants Expressing
... cells, tubules filled with GFP connect two or more chloroplasts (Fig. 2b). It is expected that such connections between chloroplasts would contribute to keep the concentration of inorganic ions, metabolic intermediates, proteins and enzymes uniform among several chloroplasts in the same cell. Transp ...
... cells, tubules filled with GFP connect two or more chloroplasts (Fig. 2b). It is expected that such connections between chloroplasts would contribute to keep the concentration of inorganic ions, metabolic intermediates, proteins and enzymes uniform among several chloroplasts in the same cell. Transp ...
Male Germ Line Development in Arabidopsis
... Male germ line development in flowering plants is initiated with the formation of the generative cell that is the progenitor of the two sperm cells. While structural features of the generative cell are well documented, genetic programs required for generative cell cycle progression are unknown. We d ...
... Male germ line development in flowering plants is initiated with the formation of the generative cell that is the progenitor of the two sperm cells. While structural features of the generative cell are well documented, genetic programs required for generative cell cycle progression are unknown. We d ...
Male Germ Line Development in Arabidopsis
... Male germ line development in flowering plants is initiated with the formation of the generative cell that is the progenitor of the two sperm cells. While structural features of the generative cell are well documented, genetic programs required for generative cell cycle progression are unknown. We d ...
... Male germ line development in flowering plants is initiated with the formation of the generative cell that is the progenitor of the two sperm cells. While structural features of the generative cell are well documented, genetic programs required for generative cell cycle progression are unknown. We d ...
MUC1 is a novel costimulatory molecule of human T cells and
... through phosphorylation of transcription factors [18]. In the original studies [8], it was demonstrated that MUC1 was only expressed on a fraction of activated T cells at a given time. Once matured with mitogens, MUC1 was determined to have coinhibitory capabilities in highly purified T-cell cultures ...
... through phosphorylation of transcription factors [18]. In the original studies [8], it was demonstrated that MUC1 was only expressed on a fraction of activated T cells at a given time. Once matured with mitogens, MUC1 was determined to have coinhibitory capabilities in highly purified T-cell cultures ...
An analysis of the response to gut induction in the C. elegans embryo
... is capable of responding, whether both sides of EMS can respond to inducers at the same time, whether microfilaments and microtubules are required near this time, and the potential role of induction in a mutant where a second cell develops like EMS and produces a gut cell lineage. Possible mechanism ...
... is capable of responding, whether both sides of EMS can respond to inducers at the same time, whether microfilaments and microtubules are required near this time, and the potential role of induction in a mutant where a second cell develops like EMS and produces a gut cell lineage. Possible mechanism ...
Production of Chemokines, Interleukin-8 and
... containing EDTA (3-minute incubation). In addition, monocytes were added to transwells (Costar) in the HUVEC cultures to detect whether cell contact was obligatory for chemokine production. Monoclonal antibodies to either ICAM-l, or VCA"1 (R 8r D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were added at a concentrati ...
... containing EDTA (3-minute incubation). In addition, monocytes were added to transwells (Costar) in the HUVEC cultures to detect whether cell contact was obligatory for chemokine production. Monoclonal antibodies to either ICAM-l, or VCA"1 (R 8r D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) were added at a concentrati ...
COUP-TFI and COUP-TFII regulate expression of the NHE through a
... cells to promote differentiation with retinoic acid (1 mm) or Me2SO (1%) was as described previously [22,23]. Cells were transiently transfected with purified plasmids (Qiagen, Chatworth, CA, USA) at 50% confluence using CaPO4 precipitation as described previously [9,14]. For transient transfections ...
... cells to promote differentiation with retinoic acid (1 mm) or Me2SO (1%) was as described previously [22,23]. Cells were transiently transfected with purified plasmids (Qiagen, Chatworth, CA, USA) at 50% confluence using CaPO4 precipitation as described previously [9,14]. For transient transfections ...
Activation of Lymphocyte Signaling by the R1 Protein of Rhesus
... coding sequences were electroporated into BJAB cells, and neomycin-resistant cells were selected for 6 weeks. To further enrich for CD8 chimera-expressing cell lines, an anti-CD8 antibody was used to sort these cell lines by flow cytometry to obtain a population of cells, greater than 95% of which e ...
... coding sequences were electroporated into BJAB cells, and neomycin-resistant cells were selected for 6 weeks. To further enrich for CD8 chimera-expressing cell lines, an anti-CD8 antibody was used to sort these cell lines by flow cytometry to obtain a population of cells, greater than 95% of which e ...
Ovarian physiology: follicle development, oocyte and hormone
... estrogens in mammalian reproduction. In particular, these models provide for the first time, animals which can either respond to endogenous or exogenous estrogen (ER knockouts), or respond to exogenous estrogen but cannot make estrogen (aromatase knockout or ArKO). Although not obligatory for surviv ...
... estrogens in mammalian reproduction. In particular, these models provide for the first time, animals which can either respond to endogenous or exogenous estrogen (ER knockouts), or respond to exogenous estrogen but cannot make estrogen (aromatase knockout or ArKO). Although not obligatory for surviv ...
Lesson Overview
... Many protists have complex sexual life cycles in which they alternate between a diploid and a haploid phase, a process known as alternation of generations. ...
... Many protists have complex sexual life cycles in which they alternate between a diploid and a haploid phase, a process known as alternation of generations. ...
From milliseconds to millions of years: guard cells and
... The stomatal signaling system has been moulded by environmental factors over both long (millions of years) and short (hours, minutes, or even seconds) timescales. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of environmental perception and ion transport mechanisms occurring over the short ...
... The stomatal signaling system has been moulded by environmental factors over both long (millions of years) and short (hours, minutes, or even seconds) timescales. Considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of environmental perception and ion transport mechanisms occurring over the short ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... to endocytic compartments in plants. To this end, the FYVE domain from the mouse Hrs protein was tandemly fused (Gillooly et al., 2000) to the C-terminus of GFP or DsRedT4, respectively. Particle bombardment was employed to transiently express the fusion proteins (GFP-FYVE; DsRed-FYVE) in onion epid ...
... to endocytic compartments in plants. To this end, the FYVE domain from the mouse Hrs protein was tandemly fused (Gillooly et al., 2000) to the C-terminus of GFP or DsRedT4, respectively. Particle bombardment was employed to transiently express the fusion proteins (GFP-FYVE; DsRed-FYVE) in onion epid ...
Cell culture
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg?width=300)
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.