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Tracheary element evolution
... xylem vessels and narrower trachieds in the xylem. Both systems are associated with parenchymatous elements, and both are relatively delicate structures. It is now more than 160 years since, for example, the publication of Hartig’s descriptions of the bark of trees. There is much new information con ...
... xylem vessels and narrower trachieds in the xylem. Both systems are associated with parenchymatous elements, and both are relatively delicate structures. It is now more than 160 years since, for example, the publication of Hartig’s descriptions of the bark of trees. There is much new information con ...
Somite dorsoventral polarity - Development
... and Asamoto rotated whole, intact somites while, in the challenge experiments noted above, only sclerotome fragments were analyzed. It is not difficult to imagine differences in behavior of whole somites and somite fragments. In order to minimize such differences we repeated the somite rotation expe ...
... and Asamoto rotated whole, intact somites while, in the challenge experiments noted above, only sclerotome fragments were analyzed. It is not difficult to imagine differences in behavior of whole somites and somite fragments. In order to minimize such differences we repeated the somite rotation expe ...
Functions of the Cdc14-Family Phosphatase Clp1p in the Cell Cycle
... eukaryotes such as the unicellular yeast. This along with the ease of genetics biochemistry and cell biology in the lower eukaryotic yeast make it an ideal model organism to study basic cell cycle regulatory mechanisms. The fission yeast ...
... eukaryotes such as the unicellular yeast. This along with the ease of genetics biochemistry and cell biology in the lower eukaryotic yeast make it an ideal model organism to study basic cell cycle regulatory mechanisms. The fission yeast ...
Localization of Phycoerythrin at the Lumenal Surface of the
... the interthylakoid space but also the thylakoid membranes that border this space. Granular areas and regions of moderate electron density located between pairs of thylakoids correspond to stromal regions of the chloroplast. Fig. 2 a shows a section through the chloroplast of R. lens that was incubat ...
... the interthylakoid space but also the thylakoid membranes that border this space. Granular areas and regions of moderate electron density located between pairs of thylakoids correspond to stromal regions of the chloroplast. Fig. 2 a shows a section through the chloroplast of R. lens that was incubat ...
Syntaxin of Plant Proteins SYP123 and SYP132 Mediate Root Hair
... Cell polarity is central to establishing cell morphology in eukaryotes. In plants, protrusions called root hairs rapidly and characteristically extend from root hair cells. This type of tipfocused growth, called ‘tip growth’, requires polarization of the cytoplasm and unidirectional membrane traffic ...
... Cell polarity is central to establishing cell morphology in eukaryotes. In plants, protrusions called root hairs rapidly and characteristically extend from root hair cells. This type of tipfocused growth, called ‘tip growth’, requires polarization of the cytoplasm and unidirectional membrane traffic ...
Biology - Tutor
... organization from molecules to cells and onward to tissues, organs, organ systems, and complex organisms that live and breath. The cell, which you’ll be studying throughout this lesson, is the smallest unit of biological organization that displays all of the characteristics of life. Multicelled orga ...
... organization from molecules to cells and onward to tissues, organs, organ systems, and complex organisms that live and breath. The cell, which you’ll be studying throughout this lesson, is the smallest unit of biological organization that displays all of the characteristics of life. Multicelled orga ...
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... epithelium and differentiation of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme surrounding the ureteric bud into epithelial kidney tubules. These synchronous events are regulated by interactions between the ureteric epithelium and the mesenchyme (Grobstein, 1955; Saxen etal. 1968). The mechanisms underlying these ...
... epithelium and differentiation of the metanephrogenic mesenchyme surrounding the ureteric bud into epithelial kidney tubules. These synchronous events are regulated by interactions between the ureteric epithelium and the mesenchyme (Grobstein, 1955; Saxen etal. 1968). The mechanisms underlying these ...
the depression of phagocytosis by exogenous cyclic nucleotides
... leukocytes . The investigation depends upon the use of a precise method for following ingestion . Theophylline, dibutyryl cAMP, and prostaglandins inhibited the phagocytosis of starch particles . The inhibitions caused by prostaglandins E l , E2 , and F2a (PGE I , PGE2 , and PGF2) were synergistic w ...
... leukocytes . The investigation depends upon the use of a precise method for following ingestion . Theophylline, dibutyryl cAMP, and prostaglandins inhibited the phagocytosis of starch particles . The inhibitions caused by prostaglandins E l , E2 , and F2a (PGE I , PGE2 , and PGF2) were synergistic w ...
Journal of Phycology 44
... standard error; absence indicates that the standard error is negligible. ...
... standard error; absence indicates that the standard error is negligible. ...
Notch and the Awesome Power of Genetics
... At the time, the C. elegans larval lineage had been completed and found to be largely invariant (Sulston and Horvitz 1977; Kimble and Hirsh 1979). The lineage of the vulva, one of the main organs that develops in the larva, seemed to be exceptionally tractable to genetic analysis: the ability to cul ...
... At the time, the C. elegans larval lineage had been completed and found to be largely invariant (Sulston and Horvitz 1977; Kimble and Hirsh 1979). The lineage of the vulva, one of the main organs that develops in the larva, seemed to be exceptionally tractable to genetic analysis: the ability to cul ...
Positive Regulation of IκB Kinase Signaling by Protein
... These functional results, together with data shown, further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ i ...
... These functional results, together with data shown, further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ i ...
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... growth rate’, which is a scalar quantity and defines changes in area or volume around the focal position (Fig. 1B). We stress that the tissue growth rate is a quantity at the tissue scale; whereas, at the cellular level, the cell proliferation rate is the major determinant of the tissue growth rate. ...
... growth rate’, which is a scalar quantity and defines changes in area or volume around the focal position (Fig. 1B). We stress that the tissue growth rate is a quantity at the tissue scale; whereas, at the cellular level, the cell proliferation rate is the major determinant of the tissue growth rate. ...
Platelet granule exocytosis: a comparison with chromaffin cells
... deficit was due in part to the fact that platelets are anucleate, complicating the use of standard molecular biological approaches that ...
... deficit was due in part to the fact that platelets are anucleate, complicating the use of standard molecular biological approaches that ...
Differential Effects of Rapamycin on Mammalian Target of
... bers of HEK 293 cells into 60-mm dishes. The medium was replaced every 3rd Proliferation kit (Promega). FL5.12 proliferation assays were performed by day until colonies were visible to the naked eye. Colonies were stained with plating 50,000 cells/ml in the presence or absence of 20 nM rapamycin and ...
... bers of HEK 293 cells into 60-mm dishes. The medium was replaced every 3rd Proliferation kit (Promega). FL5.12 proliferation assays were performed by day until colonies were visible to the naked eye. Colonies were stained with plating 50,000 cells/ml in the presence or absence of 20 nM rapamycin and ...
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... Notch receptors act as membrane-tethered transcription factors (Bray, 2006). Following binding of a DSL family ligand (Delta, Serrate, LAG-2 and Jagged), Notch proteins undergo -secretasemediated cleavage and release the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). NICD then translocates to the nucleus and f ...
... Notch receptors act as membrane-tethered transcription factors (Bray, 2006). Following binding of a DSL family ligand (Delta, Serrate, LAG-2 and Jagged), Notch proteins undergo -secretasemediated cleavage and release the Notch intracellular domain (NICD). NICD then translocates to the nucleus and f ...
A central role for the notochord in vertebral patterning
... matrix, we dissected notochords free of surrounding tissues prior to centrum formation, and cultured them in vitro for 10-20 days, by which time centrum bone would have formed in vivo. Matrix deposition was assessed by labelling with quercetin (Simmons and Kunin, 1979). In cultured notochords strong ...
... matrix, we dissected notochords free of surrounding tissues prior to centrum formation, and cultured them in vitro for 10-20 days, by which time centrum bone would have formed in vivo. Matrix deposition was assessed by labelling with quercetin (Simmons and Kunin, 1979). In cultured notochords strong ...
Association between border cell responses and localized root
... (Cunningham and Hagedorn, 1962). The 5,4’-dihydroxy7-methoxy-isoflavone compound, also called prunetin, present in pea root and exudates was found to be strongly involved in attracting zoospores of A. euteiches (Yokosawa et al., 1986). Deacon and Saxena (1998) reported that cysts from A. euteiches a ...
... (Cunningham and Hagedorn, 1962). The 5,4’-dihydroxy7-methoxy-isoflavone compound, also called prunetin, present in pea root and exudates was found to be strongly involved in attracting zoospores of A. euteiches (Yokosawa et al., 1986). Deacon and Saxena (1998) reported that cysts from A. euteiches a ...
Disruption of gradient expression of Zic3 resulted in abnormal intra
... RCAS-GFP, the axons appeared completely normal as in the uninjected wild-type samples, projecting straight toward the center of the retina where the optic disc was located (Fig. 4B). In the RCAS-Zic3 injected samples, however, the axons appeared abnormal in some areas. Most of the areas with axonal ...
... RCAS-GFP, the axons appeared completely normal as in the uninjected wild-type samples, projecting straight toward the center of the retina where the optic disc was located (Fig. 4B). In the RCAS-Zic3 injected samples, however, the axons appeared abnormal in some areas. Most of the areas with axonal ...
TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho
... response TNF, also known as TNFα, is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects in many cell types that is expressed as a type II transmembrane protein mainly by macrophages, dendritic cells and T-cells (3, 4). Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, some of the TNF molecules are shed by the metalloproteinase ...
... response TNF, also known as TNFα, is a cytokine with pleiotropic effects in many cell types that is expressed as a type II transmembrane protein mainly by macrophages, dendritic cells and T-cells (3, 4). Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, some of the TNF molecules are shed by the metalloproteinase ...
Patent ductus arteriosus in mice with smooth muscle
... and descending aorta of Jag1-SMcko embryos could be observed at E17.5 (Fig. 2A-C versus 2A⬘-C⬘), when the ductus arteriosus in both the Jag1-SMcko and littermate control embryos is still patent. Surprisingly, we found that vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation defects in Jag1-SMcko mice were r ...
... and descending aorta of Jag1-SMcko embryos could be observed at E17.5 (Fig. 2A-C versus 2A⬘-C⬘), when the ductus arteriosus in both the Jag1-SMcko and littermate control embryos is still patent. Surprisingly, we found that vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation defects in Jag1-SMcko mice were r ...
Physiological interactions between a mesophilic cellulolytic
... for N, fixation. In contrast, we found that Klebsiellu strain W1 grew in monoculture in cellobiose-containing media only in the presence of a utilizable source of combined nitrogen such as L-cysteine. For example, in medium CB-VU, strain W1 failed to grow aerobically in the absence of t-cysteine. It ...
... for N, fixation. In contrast, we found that Klebsiellu strain W1 grew in monoculture in cellobiose-containing media only in the presence of a utilizable source of combined nitrogen such as L-cysteine. For example, in medium CB-VU, strain W1 failed to grow aerobically in the absence of t-cysteine. It ...
Primary and immortalized mouse epicardial cells undergo
... been shown to result in embryonic death at E14.5 associated with a failure of coronary vessel development (Compton et al., 2007). TGF induced EMT in both PE and EP explants from chick embryos (Compton et al., 2006; Olivey et al., 2006). Experiments using EP explants cultured with the addition of gr ...
... been shown to result in embryonic death at E14.5 associated with a failure of coronary vessel development (Compton et al., 2007). TGF induced EMT in both PE and EP explants from chick embryos (Compton et al., 2006; Olivey et al., 2006). Experiments using EP explants cultured with the addition of gr ...
Epithelial and Stromal Developmental Patterns in a Novel Substitute
... As the largest organ in the body, the skin is the primary protective barrier between an individual and his environment. Skin consists of three structurally and embryologically distinct tissue layers: the superficial epidermis, the inner connective dermis and the subcutaneous tissue [Hoath and Leahy, ...
... As the largest organ in the body, the skin is the primary protective barrier between an individual and his environment. Skin consists of three structurally and embryologically distinct tissue layers: the superficial epidermis, the inner connective dermis and the subcutaneous tissue [Hoath and Leahy, ...
Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional
... understood. They could either stimulate T and B cells directly through the MHC-peptide complex or may be taken up by professional APCs that, in turn, use peptide-loaded MHC molecules present in exosomes to stimulate T lymphocytes. MCs are ubiquitously distributed among tissues, including bone marrow ...
... understood. They could either stimulate T and B cells directly through the MHC-peptide complex or may be taken up by professional APCs that, in turn, use peptide-loaded MHC molecules present in exosomes to stimulate T lymphocytes. MCs are ubiquitously distributed among tissues, including bone marrow ...
Cells Producing - The Journal of Immunology
... the Thy1a (Thy1.1) allele and can be recognized easily by flow cytometric analysis using a Thy1.1-specific Ab. Naive Tconv and Treg populations used in this study were confirmed by assessing Foxp3 expression (data not shown). Culture of Tconvs with antiCD3 mAb and APCs did not induce IL-17–producing ...
... the Thy1a (Thy1.1) allele and can be recognized easily by flow cytometric analysis using a Thy1.1-specific Ab. Naive Tconv and Treg populations used in this study were confirmed by assessing Foxp3 expression (data not shown). Culture of Tconvs with antiCD3 mAb and APCs did not induce IL-17–producing ...
Cell culture
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Cell_Culture_in_a_tiny_Petri_dish.jpg?width=300)
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term ""cell culture"" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses. The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.